It was the largest Polish independency spur in the 19th century. The November Uprising began at night from 29 to 30 November 1830 in Warsaw under the command of Lieutenant Piotr Wysocki. The inspection directed against the Russian possessor lasted 10 months. In remembrance of events prior to 194 years on 29 November it is celebrated as Podchorze Day.
Marcin Zaleski, November Cycle, Arsenal take, 1830.
‘Poles! It's payback time. present die or the request to win! Let us go, and let your breasts be Thermopiles for enemies!” — so on November 29, 1830, p. Piotr Wysocki called on listeners of the School of Infantry Podchorzych in Warsaw Łazienki to catch arms and fight for independent Poland. That night the November uprising began. After the fall of Napoleon, the Emperor of France, in 1815 by decision of the Vienna Congress, the Polish Kingdom was formed with Tsar Alexander I as king from most Polish lands of Russian occupation. The constitution given to the Kingdom guaranteed large autonomy: its own parliament, judiciary, education and army.
Breaking rights
– Over the years, however, the political situation in the alleged legislature has deteriorated, and the constitution has been violated,” says Dr. Bartosz Głogowski, a historian who deals with the Napoleonic period and the 19th century. The Tsars abolished the freedom of the press, introduced censorship, suspended the freedom of assembly, and abolished the transparency of the parliamentary proceedings. In response, opposition to the Russian authorities grew, secret Polish organizations and associations were formed to defend the Constitution.
A secret conspiracy under the command of Lt. Piotr Wysocki was besides established in 1828 at the Warsaw School of Infantry Podchorze. In addition to his subjects and younger officers, he included civilians: students and officials. The conspirators, who were about 200, spoke not only about maintaining national freedoms, but besides about the independency of Poland. They besides began preparations for a national revolt against the possessor. “They were going to take over the capital and then hand over power to experienced generals and politicians,” says the historian.
The situation in legislature became hot in the fall of 1830. The revolutions in Paris and Brussels and the fighting against the Vienna order then reached Poland. At the same time, in November, the Russian authorities announced the recruitment in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. – Poles assumed that Tsar Mikołaj I planned to suppress the revolution in Belgium and France with the participation of Polish soldiers – explains Dr. Głogowski. The decision to launch the uprising was further accelerated by the news that the secret police had come up with a lead on the conspiracy of the subjects and were planning to arrest its participants.
Hot night
This all caused the conspiracy leaders to decide to initiate the uprising on the evening of November 29. The signal to start the fight was to set fire to the Solec brewery. Conducted by Lieutenant Wysocki, the squad attacked the Tsar cavalry barracks, however, was repulsed. At that time another group hit Belvedere, residence of the large Duke of Constant, brother of the Tsar, hated politician of the Kingdom of Poland and chief of the Polish army. Unfortunately, the prince managed to escape.
At that time, the citizens and civilians moved towards the Old Town, calling on the people of Warsaw to fight for independence. On the side of the uprising were any troops stationed in the city, another troops stood on the side of Prince Constantine. “The majority of generals and elder officers were besides opposed to Zrev, considering him as having no chance of success,” explains the historian.
The key minute of that night was the capture by Arsenal insurgents, which allowed the civilian population to be armed. erstwhile the inhabitants of the capital together with any of the Polish troops resisted the Russians, Prince Constanty decided to retreat from the city. On the morning of 30 November Warsaw was already in the hands of the insurgents. 3 days later, the Provisional Government was established at the head of Prince Adam Czartoryski, and General Józef Chodzicki took command of the army.
At the same time, negotiations were held in Russia by Prince Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki, who were to make a deal with the Tsar. Poles demanded Nicholas I, among others, to respect the provisions of the Constitution and join the Kingdom of the lands taken by Russia. The Tsar refused to accept the demands of Poles and demanded surrender. Then, on January 25, 1831, the parliament adopted a resolution on the dethronement of the Tsar as the king of Poland, meaning the independency of our country. On January 29, the National Government was established with Prince Charming at the head.
War
The car responded by sending an intervention corps to Poland headed by Field Marshal Ivan Dybich, whose task was to suppress the uprising. On February 6, a Russian army of more than 120,000 soldiers crossed the boundaries of the Kingdom, facing twice as many insurgents. Nevertheless, Poles in clashes under Stoczek and Wawrem and in Battle of Olszynka Grochowskastopped the offensive of the Czarski troops on Warsaw.
The inspection included the lands of the Kingdom of Poland, as well as part of the areas of Lithuania, Zmuda and Volyn, incorporated into the Russian Empire. The Polish army conducted a successful counter-attack, victorious at Wawrem, the large Oak and the Igania. Unfortunately, in May the Polish side suffered a defeat at the conflict of Ostrołęka.
This was the beginning of the end of the uprising. In July, Field Marshal Ivan Paskiewicz, the fresh commander-in-chief of the Russian troops, moved to Warsaw. The capital's storm began on 6 September and after 2 days of fierce fighting the city capitulated. On October 9, Modlin died, and on October 21 – the fortress of Zamość. This date is considered to be the minute of the fall of the November uprising. Most Polish troops and insurgent authorities left the Kingdom boundaries and went to emigration.
After the fall of the insurrection, the czar drastically reduced the autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland. The constitution was abolished, the parliament and the army were abolished, the soldiers were incorporated into the Russian army, persecution of the participants of the uprising began, a contribution was imposed on the Kingdom, many Polish estates were confiscated and Polish universities in Warsaw and Vilnius were closed. – Despite this, the struggle, which was an effort to regain independence, besides had a affirmative impact on the past of Poles, and each subsequent uprising referred to ideas that the insurgents fought for in November," emphasised Dr. Głogowski. In remembrance of the patriotic attitude of the subjects in 1830, on 29 November it is celebrated as Podchorze Day.
