About the Polish language of attention of a wise, Polishized man
In the national system, in addition to faith, the most conservative area is the language; it hates any overheavals or jumps and develops so slow that after centuries, you can barely see the varieties in it, and it is rather external, n.e.c. in its very message.
So we deliberately avoid all the newness; we do not break off from the established custom, even though it is wrong; we alternatively strike out-of-the-air disabilities that endanger the language if it does not prevent them in time; we turn mainly against besides much freedom, we fight for greater uniformity; we request first of all the consent of any, that only universal and binding all. We will never remove a intellectual discrepancy; but we must do what is better, linguistic uniformity, marking the writing of all large nation. France may have spread all the bonds of the state and of faith, its writing language has not broken any, and endures in the most exemplary obedience burdensome and sometimes unwise regulations. In England, the difficulties of spelling are even greater; yet no 1 seriously thought or popular moral behaviour in this field is most closely observed. The Russian writing language has been utilized to the same discipline and is inactive mediocre present with the transmission of the past, not even its own past; it besides keeps the Czech writing language even in iron carcases. It is not until the Germans, in the face of their state breakdown, in the past much larger yet, that we see many inconsistencies in the details of various things, present how much strength is removed. With us, in view of our position, in the absence of devices, which the full nation embraces, in view of giving everything to the goodwill of the general public and its incompatible guides, the specimens of inconsistency and indetermination in writing multiply continually, and we have only late come to the belief that it is appropriate to remedy that the place of various doubts and freedom should occupy the permanent rules, applicable not only to take the written in the moments of professional activities, but to anyone who touches the pen if he does not want to betray the absence of first-hand scheming; applicable in the schools and the press. After all, we cannot usage spellings for the grace or conjecture of disciples or assemblers. On the contrary, we should give them constant regulations or regulations, lead the disciples out of hesitation and to freedom, teach them, though in the tern field of discipline and obedience.
The school settles here, the youths of the languages, according to it are working in the written language and so I turn to both the large School Councils as the most called and liable in this matter. What they will enact and sanctify will be ours; in their hands it lies, and from them hangs, to give our spelling, unbelievably and doubtful, even the desired uniformity. She recognised this necessity already in the past and adopted a resolution to bring in schools her own spelling of the Kraków Academy of Skills. This step is very eloquent of the appropriate knowing of the importance of the matter, but it is not adequate for us today, due to the fact that the spelling of the Academy always leaves besides much area for freedom, it does not carry out more precisely 1 principle, it wobbles in this and that direction. In view of the fact that 1 of the most crucial and most delicate settlements of the final demanding matters of the erstwhile and the fresh school council should be the establishment of the law for school purposes, I have decided to re-examine the various details of this issue in order to prepare everything for the successful result of the school's life. I have frequently written about any of these details, took part in trials conducted in academic faculties, yet without fear of the charge of repeating my own words, I repeat the matter, in the hope that I can convince any of them that these spelling arguments, these hesitations and doubts should be removed erstwhile in the name of a permanent principle. I take advantage of the chance to address another language matters crucial to the general public, not only those who write, but besides those who talk about which our school, as well as the teaching of all degrees, is to be mainly applied if we want to accomplish successful results and, above all, get free of not just 1 habit, which frequently makes national language highly offensive and so reprehensible.
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At the threshold of unexpectedly paid Polish statehood, we request to carry out a general and uniform language rule, which applies to each of us in writing, due to the fact that it is mainly about them; oral loops do not impose on us that in time the letter affects it, and vice versa. Care for the neatness or elegantness and for the nativeness of the language robe and its cut will not be included in unnecessary waste of time and work, paper and printing, so I have taken the following points and from this position I ask for their assessment. The moment, I seem to have chosen the most appropriate: the fresh tasks, the fresh vocation in the wider audience is to meet the language, free from the arousal of the foreigner, which frequently disfigured him, free from the imbalance in spelling, which did not bring him praise. Applying yourself to any measurement was a task that was besides desirable.
If in Warsaw respective professionals were instructed to yet find the words and tunes of 3 national songs to remove all their inconsistency, the spelling and language deserved akin consideration. How many deficiencies and deficiencies are there; how small is it adequate whether it is the “Right spelling of Polish” of the Cracow Academy, or the latest, very careful “Ortographic Dictionary” on the basis of resolutions of the Academy and T. D. “A. Passendorfer of 1911, or the Grammar of Poland Kryński; how many contradictions there will show the following remarks, intended for the general reader, for the school, but besides for the group of those people who will be chosen by both School Councils, each for themselves, to reconcile the results of their work and as a valid school and to pass with it.
I do not impose anything, but I submit, as it may be, and as if it may be, before the courts of specified a company, to make the final decision easier for him and the way to consent. If you read the following, you would be amazed at their thoroughness — as if it were.
only about what we write, not how we compose — this is what we will show examples of nations, what about their language for a long time in separate academies cared about, how French or Italian, erstwhile Poland cared not at all, always convinced that everything was done of itself. Poland did not care about the military or about its own schools until the effects of negligence she learned; she did not care about the language, until the terrible impoverishment in the Saxons' times, the snowing of the land in all field (and most of all in the military), the hesitation of spelling the slowest, for vengeance to heaven cried. another national languages (German, Czech) have passed, akin railways, but they have come much shorter, or much stronger to fix mistakes, and in this work they do not stop.
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Poland has the glory of God the linguistic unity that Germany, French, Italian, English can barely dream of... Besides, our language is not sufficiently established, besides rich, besides free, the language is in its creative phase, in its youth, it lacks canons of classicity... it must condense, it must cool down, but that is not what any company will do, unless it brings together 10 Mickiewiczs and Sienkiewiczs, to which we are presently short of 10 members.”
The answer to the scoffs ready: precisely the 10 Mickiewiczs and Sienkiewiczs who are not given us would not apply at all to the "condensing and strengthening" of Polish, due to the fact that the task or appointment of Mickiewiczs and Sienkiewiczs, as the past has proven, was different. erstwhile on Mickiewicz were thunderbolts, that only the language "condensed and brazen" was distorted.
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In order to successfully defy the foreigner in order not to wander along her ramblings, which threatens at last from the sprawl and fullness of the national language, it is essential to know her history, layers, influences* from erstwhile and how far in different times she has experienced successive passages and varieties — the enemy must be known in order to deal with it more effectively. In that intention, I resumed my work,
published years ago, present exhausted (Cyvilizacia and language, sketches from the past of Polish customs, Warsaw 1904), but I could not repeat it literally. Their own and alien investigation removed the power of the misdeeds; it turned out that as many words were spoken as possible,
old and new, of borrowing, mostly from Germanic languages; we have returned many words, recklessly accused of beginning a stranger, their nativeity; we have rebuilt the Slavics of her legitimate descendants. In another times it turned out that we were a abroad origin incorrectly meant that n.p. was, not Turkish, but German for kiru and i. First of all, I removed my former
the view of memane loans and Czech influences (far little frequently and Russian) on the erstwhile half; present I no longer claim, as once, that the hardy and disgrace, pity, to say or cream, for apparent irregularities (h alternatively of despise, reprimand; and alternatively of iu, as in February; i.e. alternatively of ia, io: to say, to throw) were from Czech borrowed or only robbed. It is no wonder that there have been clear signs of abroad influences many times, and they have borrowed and t. d. that involuntary suspicions have been brought upon them and where they have been least justified or in the face of clear evidence contrary to even impossible. With specified hasty courts I broke off completely and on almost all page there were old claims or conjectures to remove; the sincerity of what was created by it, I filled with new, more assured details.
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Fighting foreigners.
Taking possessions of abroad things, imposing on them a specified mark of property to conceal the primacy, is usually considered a thing of all suspicion and carousal*). Not in the tongue; with abroad and fresh things, we claim to us impunity and their names foreign;
and not much to blame — to a certain border. Care must be taken to guarantee that this imported commodity is not besides much to suffer, and that its own vocabulary does not disturb it or suppress abroad words. Unfortunately, we have never observed this limit, and the consequence of this is that we have for the simplest things of 4 words, well erstwhile all strangers. We call the veil, veil, veil, queef, erstwhile a solire (a solire), in French and German, but not in Polish. It is adequate for us that these aliens are transformed into our order, and that sometimes their appearance has not been known to be affected; the quilt has gone far from the coiffe, and the cicata n.p. resembles a hemlock alternatively than the succado, from where it came from — let alone a chamomile, an area, a luszczyk, which is expected to drip from Polishness, though they have nothing in common with it.
It's a small consolation that our neighbors aren't much better. We have never imitated the advantage of German, so in habits we shake hands. And so we learned from them drinking — at least in the 16th century, we were widely told, although Lithuania did a large occupation of judging what Lithuanian drunkenness and gluttony, resembling their voracious rosomak, Maciej Miechowczyk, and the contemporary Bernardian preacher in Vilnius wrote. But we share another common defect with Germany. due to the fact that between all the major languages of the world, German and Polish most foreigners were shaken, and we do not know which of both in this respect was given priority. In particular, our common speech sins specified exaggerations to disgust; the writing language yet as specified avoids specified shrewdness, remembers specified purity, avoids manifest neglect, reigning openly in the street, social, home. By learning from the request of abroad languages, we do not master any properly, so we snow our own raids from each, and slow throw all opposition to it. It is advanced time to get over the habit, comfortable but harmful as much as it destroys language tissue, like tense alcohol.
I.
Every nation stands up to the land which he wields and cultivates, and with the tongue which separates it from its neighbors, closer and further. Associations which they do not have, form a religion or a state, not a nation; those who have both lost, have been doomed.
What makes language distinct? Next to the sounds, endings and associations, alongside the bonds of words and sentences, it is characterized by its own resource of native words, and this resource is measured by its richness, self-existence, expressiveness, flexibility. How is it with our tongue? “Renew the unspeakable pain you command me, O queen!” you could call after Eneas, reasoning about the losses and harm she has put at hazard and exposes the language to our inability, indifference, indifference — the virtues of the Slavic, which make it so hard for us to fight for our existence: this impulse to imitate everything that is uninherited, to which the Slavic scholars have been sarcasm for centuries — to this day rather in vain.
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(*) They erroneously compose and talk reprehensiblely as if it were 2 words; the folding should be carousible, as trustworthy, faithful, and t. p. -and can not be appealed against it to the expected deposits, as if.
ALEXANDER BRUCKNER LANGUAGE FIGHT
(Ibid. pp. 2-13)
Look out! the spelling of the first is retained.
(PZ election)
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