Prime Minister Donald Tusk – after visiting Brussels and Kiev – went to Paris on 12 February, where he spoke to French president Emanuel Macron about closer Polish-French relations. The joint conference referred to the treaty on relationship and solidarity signed by both countries in 1991. The leaders announced closer cooperation on defence and energy issues. Which may bring news to future talks about the construction of a second atomic power plant in Poland with the French.
At the same time, Minister of abroad Affairs Radosław Sikorski met counterparts from France and Germany as part of the Weimar Triangle format. besides formed in 1991.
The next day the Polish Prime Minister went to Berlin, where he met Chancellor Olaf Scholz to discuss the reconstruction of Polish-German relations and safety issues as well as support for the fighting Ukraine.
There is no uncertainty that the fresh Polish government is making – expected – a fresh political beginning with western partners. The skeptics of the thought show that Warsaw has not been a strong partner for Berlin and Paris so far, and the format of cooperation in the Weimar Triangle did not translate into success in fulfilling Polish national interests. This is simply a large argument, for which the fact that good relations on the Warsaw-Berlin line did not aid to visit the Germans from the construction of the Nord Stream gas pipeline criticized by the Polish side. This gas pipeline bypassed Poland and gave Russia the chance to usage energy blackmail against Poland without the hazard of stopping gas supply to Germany.
The format of the Weimar Triangle besides did not aid materialize the Polish imagination in the form of an energy union, proposed in 2014 by the MFA Radosław Sikorski. This was to lead to joint EU purchases of energy natural materials from Russia. In specified a variant, the Union could negociate cheaper prices for all members. At the same time, the full EU was to be a organization to the contract with Russia, which would strengthen safety of gas and oil supply continuity. Germany was not curious in this option due to the fact that it was more profitable for them to receive much cheaper gas than another EU economies, making Germany more competitive on the EU and planet markets.
It can so be assumed that the Weimar Triangle was a format in which Warsaw was frequently only informed about strategical directions chosen by larger partners. This kind of specification fits peculiarly with the period between 2009 and 2014, for which there was a minute of the alleged reset of relations with Russia.
Does this mean that the political format on the Paris-Berlin-Warsaw line not only failed, but was besides definitely exhausted? Should the experience so far lead to the conclusion that the Weimar Triangle is unnecessary and should not be returned to Poland? The answer is, it depends. If Poland were to return to cooperation with France and Germany in precisely the same function as it did until 2014, it would not truly make much sense. However, if the Polish government had led to the repositioning of Warsaw in the agreement with Paris and Berlin, then this format could translate into benefits for Poland both in this triangle and throughout the European Union. Is specified repositioning possible? It is hard to answer this question completely unequivocally, but there is no uncertainty that Poland is at the most convenient minute so far to effort to take a better position in the EU arrangement.
With Germans? Now or never
We are in a unique minute where Germany is highly weak politically and besides suffering economically. Furthermore, their energy dependence on Russia has turned into a dependence on the US. The full German geopolitical strategy implemented over the last 2 decades has been in ruins, as I wrote in the text entitled "Bankruptcy of the German geopolitical strategyIt’s okay. ” Americans are present in Europe, Russians are outside, Poland has become an crucial component in the Western safety Agreement, and German leadership in the EU has been devastated with images. In view of Angela Merkel's earlier pro-Russian policy as well as the disastrous impact of the unfortunate actions and omissions of Olaf Scholz in the issue of Ukraine's assistance.
German elites are now in a situation where for the first time in years they have not had a map with a clear direction. possibly this is 1 minute of weakness where Berlin decision-makers let the thought of establishing a more partner – than before – relation with or weaker Poland. If there were always relationships between Berlin and Warsaw in which Poland would be treated as a partner for the conversation (and Polish ideas would be implemented), then possibly this is the moment. surely there has never been a better one, and it is not known if it will happen again.
France is looking for a fresh balance in the European Union after the brexit. She is undergoing an interior crisis manifested by many protests and has suffered an image and political defeat in Africa. However, the French inactive have considerable ambition, which is frequently expressed by demonstrating Paris' assertiveness towards Washington. Emmanuel Macron's problem is that he has not yet found an anti-American volt partner in Europe. Germany proved to be besides dependent on the US, Poland and the countries of the alleged east flank of NATO put on the United States, Spain is absorbed by interior problems, and relations on the Paris-Rome line are not among the best.
It should besides be remembered that both in France and Germany political elites are starting to feel more and more nationalist breath on their backs. In France, the Marine Le Pen and its National Front are gaining expanding support, and the German alternate to Germany has already become a permanent political player. Which makes French and German elites like oxygen request success, fresh air, and a affirmative imagination for the future that the French and Germany would believe.
It so seems that the French-German duo supported by the Benelux countries may be besides weak to carry out further changes and reforms in the European Union. It would be useful to have a partner who would shoulder part of the burden and work for putting the EU on fresh tracks. 1 whose society has been successful is inactive optimistic in its majority towards the European Union and would have the chance to bring the remainder of the community with it. specified characteristics are met by Poland and Poles.
Poland, which grew up during the conflict in Ukraine to lead the east flank of NATO and the EU. She decided to make an ambitious army, and besides signaled her willingness to take on part of the work for the region's security. Which, in view of its possible as well as its geographical location, has become the organisational pillar of assistance to Ukraine. Finally, which has become a strategically crucial ground level for the United States. Poland, whose voice is presently heard and listened to throughout the NATO alliance.
It must, of course, be borne in head that we inactive have a medium-sized state, with a smaller population than Western partners, with a much smaller economy which is mostly dependent on links to the German economy. However, Poland has never been so strong in relation to Germany. (on many levels) and has never had specified large assets as it can usage in negotiations with Berlin.
To justify specified a thesis, it is worth comparing the situation of Poland in the “old” Weimar Triangle in the period until 2014 and comparing it with the contemporary conditions of anno domini 2024.
“Old” Weimar Triangle
The earlier political weakness of Poland in the European Union and the Weimar Triangle was due to many nonsubjective reasons. This weakness encouraged the Berlin authorities to effort to dominate Warsaw and make a politically and economically subordinate so-called. Mitteleurops. It has always been comparatively easy to impose on Poland your own imagination and to ignore Polish protests or proposals. This was due to respective crucial conditions.
United States with 1 ft outside Europe
From a geopolitical point of view, that Poland had no alternate to partners from Paris or Berlin in 2009-2014. Only the United States could have been specified an alternative. Meanwhile, Barack Obama's administration reset relations with Russia in 2009. By thus securing the Old Continent, the Americans have stopped engaging so heavy in Europe. Ceding work for Europe's safety and improvement towards Germany and their strategical partnership with Russia.
This was due to the powerful problems of the United States during that period. It should be mentioned that in 2008 the financial crisis broke out, which brought down the large American financial institutions and the real property market. At the same time, the Taliban conducted an offensive in Afghanistan, to which the Americans had to send tens of thousands of additional soldiers with equipment. The forces were being moved to a large degree from... Iraq. This 1 was inactive under American occupation. Only in Iraq and Afghanistan between 2009 and 2010, the Americans had about 200,000 soldiers. These were immense projects that active forces and resources, including financial ones. The hard situation of the United States, which forced the reset with Russia on the Americans, was described in the text: "Reset Obama saved the world?”.
In addition, shortly after the reset of relations with Russia was announced, then Secretary of State Hilary Clinton announced an American beer on the Pacific in 2011. Which had to do with Washington seeing the increasing competition in China.
For all these reasons, the United States has accepted the concept of EuRussia from Vladivostok to Lisbon. At the same time, the U.S. liquidated the 2nd Fleet US Navy and resigned from the rocket shield in Europe. Despite maintaining U.S. military bases on the Old Continent, it can be argued that Politically and mentally speaking, the Americans have found themselves outside Europe.
Russia with 1 ft in the European Union
So, between 2009 and 2014 the dominant political format in Europe was the Paris-Berlin-Moscow axis aiming to make EuRussia. The concept of competitive to China, but as it besides turned out for the US. As Russia became the strategical ground level of Germany and France after 2009, the Weimar Triangle connected with Poland became inferior and insignificant.
Germany and the French set the most crucial issues together with the Russians. frequently taking crucial decisions above the heads of Poles and against their interests (as mentioned in the decision to build Nord Stream). Warsaw was an ominous political factor, which was incapable to block the initiatives of its more powerful neighbours alone. On many issues, Poland could at most object to formal opposition and watch.
Indeed, we have watched Russia, which dominates the Central European energy market, increase German dependence on its gas. This only worsened the situation of Warsaw, as Berlin became increasingly susceptible to Moscow's influences and suggestions. Russia has become the most crucial gas supplier to the European Union, taking nearly 40% of the market. The same was actual of oil. What in Moscow was considered a political tool.
Lone and weak Poland in a region that ignores it
All this was done in peace.. The sense of safety spread to everyone in the European Union. The countries of Central Europe so saw economical issues as a priority. The precedence was so to cooperate with the largest economy in the Union which was Germany. The precedence was besides to get as much as possible grants from the EU's cash register, to which they contributed most... Germans.
Economic dependence on Germany and EU measures made all Polish neighbours politically oriented towards cooperation with Berlin. While ignoring Warsaw. Poland was politically lonely in the region. One of the symptoms was the terrible relation with Lithuania, bad with Ukraine and distant with the Czech Republic. The Vilnius authorities not only discriminated against the Polish number in Lithuania, but besides dismantled the tracks for the refinery purchased by Poland in Modziejki. Poland was so weak at the time that it could not influence much smaller Lithuania.
Ukraine was simultaneously bouncing from wall to wall. In Kiev, erstwhile there were pro-Russian authorities, another pro-western authorities, which were occupied by Berlin. This was to become a pass to the European Union. Coming to Ukraine, the Polish president could only number on egging. Ukrainian society and political class were negative towards Poland and Poles.
It should besides be remembered that respective years ago Poland was inactive a developing country that late entered the Union. A country dependent on the grant and pursuing the developed West. Dependent in improvement on the good will of the West, so frequently acting as a petent and beneficiary of the system.As a result, the smaller countries of the region not only did not treat Poland as a leader, but they even considered it to be the biggest competition in obtaining EU funds. This could be compared to the situation in which piglets fought for access to sows' breasts, and Poland was the biggest and most extruding among siblings. That didn't inspire anyone's sympathy.
So in “Old” The Weimar Triangle is simply a short story:
- Americans with 1 ft outside Europe.
- Russia in Europe.
- EuRussia as a strategical overarching concept over the Weimar Triangle.
- Russia as an energy pillar of the EU economy.
- Poland alone, without support in the region.
- Poland is economically weak, dependent on subsidies, a fresh EU member.
- Auto-
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‘Getting up from your knees’
In 2015, governments in Poland included an option which, for the purposes of interior policy, utilized EU-sceptic and anti-German narrative. In abroad policy, Warsaw set itself on a short circuit with Brussels and Berlin, although frequently the warring communicative did not go hand in hand with the actions (vide consent to make the payment of KPO subject to the regulation of law). In 2015-2023 Poland besides sought to emphasize its assertive attitude towards the Union and Germany. Prove that he is able to prosecute his own interests even despite external pressure. Poland completed the most crucial investment in the 3rd Poland in the form of a Baltic tube pipeline in time. Moreover, despite the opposition from Germany:
- started a task to grow the container terminal in Świnoujście,
- sought to revitalize Oder,
- She put an atom in the energy transition.
In addition, during the migration crisis on the border with Belarus, the Polish authorities endured force and put a sharp reaction, utilizing troops and building a barrier on the border. Which turned out to be the right decision.
There is no uncertainty that the policy pursued by the United Right Government did not inspire enthusiasm in our western neighbours. Nor did she meet knowing in Brussels. At the level of the European Union, Poland did not have permanent allies. In any cases, she had to work with the black sheep of the EU in Hungary. In others, she tried to build political alliances in the region – albeit unsuccessfully. The economical initiative of Trimorz remained a format not filled with much content. Furthermore, Poland had to accept that Germany besides joined Trimorze as an observer. The fact is that despite the large ambition to make a regional political force in the EU, this task yet failed. Even though the external conditions (war in Ukraine and its associated sense of danger) were favourable.
In contrast, the policy conducted in 2015-2023 proved to Western partners that Poland does not should be subordinate to and obey the will of Berlin or Paris. It can carry out itself strategically crucial investments, which depend only on the authorities from Warsaw and their determination. Of course, this would not be possible without Donald Trump's presidency and the fact that after the first invasion of Ukraine, the United States saw Poland's crucial function in the context of rivalry with Russia.
So, on the 1 hand, the failure resulted in attempts to search allies in the European Union and the creation of a regional political bloc, on the another hand, Poland proved to be causative in any frameworks and could afford a assertive attitude towards the EU.
Finally, in the event of the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, the Warsaw authorities made a number of strategically crucial decisions. They stood in the vanguard of all first relief initiatives for Ukraine, contributing to breaking further taboo topics (such as the transportation of heavy/offensive equipment or aircraft). Warsaw brought the subject of the fast transfer of military equipment to Ukraine. Including respective 100 tank pieces, combat vehicles, and even combat aircraft. In the context of threat and consequence to them, Poland turned out to be the most effective and fastest reacting state in NATO.
At the same time, Polish authorities have borne the subject of the construction of a logistics-transit facility for Ukraine in Poland. Furthermore, they were Polish: the President, Prime Minister and Ministers were the first to visit Kiev. Poland reacted to the war in an immediate and most importantly effective way. Which has built her position in the region and in all of NATO as a causative state to trust on.
Finally, Poland has launched a large, unprecedented scale in the European Union. What has been seen not only in the region, but besides in the West of Europe, and what had to be read as a signal that Poland intends to take the lead in the region in terms of security. And it is able to share work for the safety of NATO and the European Union at their east borders.
Thus, between 2015 and 2023 Poland managed to do 2 things. Firstly, to prove to Western Europe that it does not gotta show a submissive or subordinate attitude towards Western partners. And it is able to accomplish little or greater assertiveness and to carry out itself crucial investments for it. At the same time, make 1 of the largest economical growth in Europe.
Secondly, in the war situation Poland not only did not prove to be scared, passive and based on another people's decisions and safety guarantees, but besides managed to order a crisis situation. Take on the burden and work and at any moments become a driving force for the NATO alliance. In the period after the Second Invasion on Ukraine, Poland grew up to be a key safety state.
WEIMAR TRICK – fresh Deal?
The problem of the erstwhile government was that the United Right became a hostage of its own anti-German narrative, as well as presenting itself in a contra to the European Union. Therefore, the erstwhile government was incapable to draw initiatives from itself to effort to settle disputes and establish better but partnership relations. On the another hand, for the sake of fairness, it should be stressed that the United Right did not enjoy sympathy and designation in the West. The force from the outside aimed at weakening PiS regulation was clear. Western elites were incapable to recognise the Polish government as a discussion partner. In another words, The erstwhile government, for nonsubjective reasons, was incapable to exploit the advantages it had developed for Poland in its relations with the Union and Germany. What has revealed, among others, in the problems with obtaining funds from the KPO.
However, what seemed impossible so far may prove to be a real possible for implementation. In 2024, the fresh government appointed by Prime Minister Donald Tusk took the first steps to rebuild the relation with Paris and Berlin. besides in the Weimar Triangle format. In a situation where in 2024 Poland's position is completely different than in 2013 and even in 2015. Our country presently has undeniable and considerable assets that the Polish government should usage in A fresh hand.
The situation of Poland on the global phase has changed in 10 years (2014-2024) so much that in Polish ambitions there should not be a fresh beginning in relations with Paris and Berlin, but just a fresh hand. This means that Poland would take a better position and take a more crucial function in the European Union, as well as in the Weimar Triangle.
USA in Europe as never after the Cold War
First of all, the United States has re-involved in Europe. As they withdrew troops from Afghanistan in 2021, they were able to deploy an additional 20,000 soldiers in Central Europe a year later. Never before have the U.S. been so engaged militarily in Poland and more widely, on the east flank of NATO.
Washington besides put forward a strategical partnership with Warsaw in the context of the safety of the North Atlantic Pact and Ukraine's support. Finally, Americans have taken a large share of the European energy marketplace from Russian hands. The volume of U.S. LNG and oil exports to Europe is further record. Furthermore, it is the US Navy that is mostly liable for securing the Red Sea or the Persian Gulf, through which aquenes flow to Europe arabian energy resources.
All this has made the European Union much more dependent on the US than before. On both safety and economics. Which is precisely the other of what the decision-makers in Moscow, Beijing and Berlin and Paris wanted to achieve.
Russia outside Europe
Vladimir Putin did something that Poland could never do alone. Non-European-interested Americans brought back the Old Continent, which became a precedence direction in U.S. abroad policy. At the same time, he first led to a simplification and later a complete break in the strategical partnership between Moscow and Berlin.
In addition, the Russian president pushed Russia into isolation and crisis in 2014. Suffice to say that Russian GDP to date has not surpassed this from 2013. Meanwhile, in 2009-2013 the Russian economy developed much faster than Polish economy, not to mention those from the west of Europe.
While Putin only pushed a part of blade into the Russian body in 2014, he pushed it to the end in 2022 by committing geopolitical harakiri. Importantly, the sword's blade was long adequate to pierce and kill the German geopolitical strategy aimed at partnership with Moscow.
Russia was completely expelled from any format of cooperation with the West, and the Union, together with Germany and France, sanctioned Russia. Germany built floating LNG terminals independent of Russian gas. 3 of the 4 strands of Nord Stream gas pipelines were destroyed. EuRussia's format has fallen for good. Moscow has been incapable to get key Western technologies for years. Vladimir Putin has become completely unreliable and it is hard to fishy that he will always be treated as a partner in any long-term plans and strategies.
Poland as crucial as ever
Vladimir Putin besides deserved a medal from the potato for his merit to strengthen Poland's global position. Without his actions, Warsaw would most likely never have achieved the position it presently has. The request to defend NATO's east flank has decided that this Poland has become a key associate of the North Atlantic Pact and 1 of the most crucial US ground floor. It is besides worth noting that the east flank of NATO is besides the east flank of the European Union, i.e. Poland has at the same time become the most crucial country in the field of defence of EU borders.
Moreover, due to the fear of the Russian threat, the countries of the region began to look at the strongest country on the east flank, which besides depends on their own safety. For this reason naturally Poland has grown to be the leader of the region. After 2014, the Lithuanians eased all disputes with Warsaw, rebuilt the tracks to Modziejek and began extended cooperation on the safety level.
So far reluctant Poland and Poles Ukrainians have started looking for aid and rescue in Warsaw. And so they received. As a result, relations between Polish and Ukrainian societies are as good as most likely never before in history, and Kiev has become on a safety level mostly dependent on Warsaw.
Of course, we owe all the above advantages not only to Putin's circumstances, but besides to ourselves. For it was the Polish authorities and society that took action leading to the indicated effects. We supported Ukraine, we delivered energy projects, i.e. the LNG terminal in Świnoujście and the Baltic tube gas pipeline, which allowed to last in a gas cut-off situation from Russia. It is besides possible that the refinery in Gdańsk will shortly begin its work to re-export oil to Germany, specifically to the Schwedt refinery in Brandenburg.
Finally, Poland invested in the Armed Forces of Poland. All of this has been noticed not only in the region, but besides throughout the Western Hemisphery. Furthermore, the Polish economy has made a immense leap in the last fewer years and is the 5th largest economy in the EU (including the purchasing power parity of money). The country from the Vistula River has joined developed countries and the economical outlook for it is optimistic. This is in contrast to the situation of Spain and Italy, which are being dealt with by serious economical problems and powerful debts. While larger Italy and Spain become a burden for Germany, Poland can be a partner that does not request to be kept alive.
If you look at the European Union a small broader, that after Brexit, the isolation of Russia, as well as the interior problems of Italy and Spain, Poland can be the only sensible partner for France and Germany. A country that has so many disputes and is now being translated into its neighbours that it can take part in the burden and work for the European Union.
Negotiations
Apart from nonsubjective factors that place Poland much higher in the global hierarchy, there are 2 another crucial issues that can be addressed at the level of cabinet negotiations.
Firstly, Poland does not gotta accept the conditions imposed by Paris or Berlin. This applies to at least respective planes. Above all, safety, but even technological transfer or energy transformation. In fresh years, Warsaw authorities have signed large arms contracts with both the United States and South Korea (the second can bring technology to the country). At the same time, cooperation with China (the automotive industry) was not excluded in any areas. Poland started a program to build a atomic power plant with the American Westinghouse.
Washington is curious in cooperation with Warsaw on many levels from political, military to business (vide Amazon's investments, GP Morgan, as well as Intel's willingness to invest in Poland. Poland is seen by Asian countries as a possible door to the European Union market. The placing of Korean tanks or haubic tanks or Chinese electrical cars over the Vistula can be utilized for expansion in Europe.
So Poland has already proven that in many matters it can do without the aid of France or Germany. It is able to find its own partners outside the European Union. So in many cases during negotiations with the West of Europe Warsaw may usage the argument of having alternatives.
At the same time, stricte The fresh Polish government has an argument that allows almost all German or EU card to be broken. In view of the attitude of the erstwhile government, and besides the reluctance to the PiS presented by the Western elite, all time Warsaw sits at the negotiating table with Paris, Berlin or Brussels, the final argument may be this:
‘We can't leave the table empty-handed, due to the fact that that's going to put us in the PiS narrative, so the second can win the next election. And this in the West would you very much want to avoid the truth?”
In another words, the Polish government has the chance at this point to play partners by utilizing the method of good and bad police. So on this level – paradoxically – both political groups in Poland developed a tool for more effective conduct of global policy. The possible of a possible return to power in Poland of EU-sceptical forces is simply a large scare, thanks to which the current government will be able to gain better conditions for Poland.
This shows that even a terrible interior situation in the country – in conditions of a non-pardoned political war – can be converted into assets in talks with external partners.
POLAND NEEDS AMBITUAL POLICIES
Whether Poland will usage the fresh situation, see its assets and be able to usage them in relations with Germany and France remains an open issue. For this to happen, however, we must first see the tools and arguments available to our country. There are undoubtedly grounds for repositioning Poland in the European Union and in the Weimar Triangle format itself. This should make it easier to accomplish better conditions, for example erstwhile it comes to the negotiation of European Union reforms. It is so incumbent upon us to usage these assets for the benefit of national interests. And that's what we should all expect. Regardless of political views, if the current power fails, it will affect us all. If it succeeds, we will all be beneficiaries of it.
In the 1990s, Poles were mediocre and hungry. That's why they had ambition to eat. By the 1920s, Poles are already satisfied. And they just have ambition. At the same time, Poland gained geopolitical advantages which it had not previously had. At the same time, it joined developed countries and rapidly reduced the improvement distance from the west.
The erstwhile authority utilized fresh geopolitical conditions resulting from the conflict in Ukraine, and at the same time for 8 years proved that Poland, in any way, although not entirely, can act alone, search partners from outside the Union, and besides deliver strategically crucial investments for it. For France and Germany it had to be a real cognitive shock, as Paris and Berlin did not gotta deal with Warsaw's interests until 2014. They could ignore it, and yet Poland had to follow the direction designated by the western capitals. due to the fact that she was weak, dependent on EU funds, geopolitically lonely and insignificant in the region.
The war in Ukraine introduced a safety component into the equation, which became a precedence for most in the west. Poland bounced off this fresh plane and pierced the glass ceiling. It cannot be ignored and ignored in this regard. This besides allows to usage another potentials of Poland in order to gain the position in the EU that Poland and Poles deserve. Of course France and Germany are a different league of state potential. However, Poland has grown out of the function of Cinderella and is not even able to return to its erstwhile uniform. The aim of the Polish authorities should be to convince France and Germany that Warsaw must be treated as – albeit somewhat weaker – but a partner. A partner whose ideas and initiatives, as well as his position, are taken into account, debated and leads to compromises taking into account his national interests.
Such a imagination of a more ambitious global policy cannot be considered as megalomania. These should be our common civic expectations – beyond political divisions – which seem easier to accomplish than always before. Poland must show ambition in global policy and in relations within the European Union. There is no escape from this, due to the fact that the situation requires it of us.
It should besides be taken into account that specified A good time to renegotiate Poland's position in the European Union may not happen again. Germany is presently in a situation where they are trying to save their economical development. Threatened by the geopolitical situation, but besides by competition from the US, and above all China (car market). If the Berlin authorities manage to overcome the problems and make a decision forward, then stronger The Germans will look east again. Mitteleuropa, which must be imposed by force. In turn, if the German economy fails, then Poland will besides suffer. Our country is dependent on economical and trade cooperation with its western neighbour. At the same time, the German authorities will be more ruthless towards weaker partners.
So it is worth trying to make usage of the good moment, even knowing that Warming relations on the Warsaw-Berlin line, as well as treating Poland in a more partnership manner may be temporary. The usage of this window can velocity up the improvement of Poland and facilitate preparations for greater strategical autonomy, as well as further challenges. These in turn will not be missing in the next decade.
Krzysztof Wojchal
Geopolitics, politics, economy, law, taxes – blog
