In the land of the bloody people
Stanisław Orda : outsider by choice, Stanislaw-orda.szkolanavigatorow.pl/u-krainy-bloody-people
Place text by Janina Przecławska, which was published in the Bulletin of „The Universal Review” in volume 176 (October – November – December) from 1927, published in Krakow, as the second part of the “Ukrainian triptych”. Publication under the first title ‘ Blood people’ and subtitle ‘The reason for the psychology of the people in Ukraine’, includes the author's reflections on the drama of Poles in the Kresach during the Polish-bolshevik War of 1919-1920, which she was a associate and 1 of many Poles affected by its effects.
I presented the first text of the author on this blog almost 8 years ago.
https://stanislaw-orda.szkolanavigatorow.pl/from-reflection-periodic
For those who don't want to go back to the old notes, I'm repainting short c.v. authors.
Janina Przecławska, born in the property of Lubcz (whose co-owner was Kazimierz Przecławski), then in the territory of Radomyski, in the goods of Ivankowski (the town of Ivanków). I didn't find out about Janina Crosslawska all the data I was curious in. In particular, I did not scope the date of her birth, nor the date of her matrimony to Edmund Berezowski, a civilian engineer (Mikołayevsky Academy of Engineering in Petersburg), an officer of the Russian Army and an officer in the rank of Colonel of the Polish Army (since 1920, assigned to the head of engineering and sappers in the Belarusian District, and since 1923 as a titular Brigadier General went to remainder due to age criteria). He died in July 1924, while Janin's wife died in March 1936. The matrimony had 2 daughters, 1 of whom was a well-known painter, graphic designer and phase designer Maja (Maria) Berezowska, born 13.04.201893, – amended 31.05.20178.
Janina Przecławska was the author of poems (I found the titles of 2 poesy collections: “Soul: fantasydramatic in 4 acts – impressions, thoughts, images” in 1905 and “O Jadwiga of the Queen. Poemold days” of 1911.)
In addition, she was active in organizing the learning and upbringing of Polish children – mainly orphans rescued from pogroms of Polish landowners and nobility in Kresach during Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Russian fights between 1917 and 1920. 2 links to this activity:
http://news.ngo.pl/news/425258.html
http://www.radiomarija.pl/without-categories/when-home-ex-cuznia-polskosci/
. Memoirs and reflections of the author were published in 2 texts, published in the quarterly "The Universal Review", in volume 176 October – November – December) from 1927, published in Krakow.
Throughout the period of the Polish People's Republic, both the name and publications of the author were covered by a strict censorical evidence by a judaic female with a monopoly on "culture and education" for the Nadwiślan Catholics.
I have left the spelling of the first text, in addition to correcting the apparent "conversations" resulting from the usage of scanning techniques for library collections, collected in digital form. I besides adapted the paragraphs to the presentation in the form of a blog note and supplemented the text with respective footnotes.
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Blood people
Should I talk of you, the land on which Slovak felt God, Bohdan Zaleski [1] How did he beg the highest grace to see you in heaven? Ukraine, about which a longing poet sings:
“With us – different, different, different!”[2] For there the sun swings like the sea, and the golden ear gives birth abundantly, and the thought, chasing with the wind into the competition, takes on this broad momentum!
Polish culture and dreamerry have brought out your spells, swaying your hearts to pride and fairy tales. present your people stand before me, they have grown out of you, and have settled down for centuries.
Rusini, or as they now call themselves – Ukrainians.
The origin of this people is hard to determine. Was he born by gangs of displaced rebels who hid on the outskirts of the Republic from the anger of Polish kings, or were there prisoners of war, Turks, Tatars, Cossacks? Did their mother, the father of the Tatars, rise the Cossack family, or did the separate Russian tribe mix with the blood of a stranger, releasing this bloody people? There are various ideas about the sources, groups, and associations of these or indigenous inhabitants of this land. In their faces they are frequently scratched by a bright Slavic kind with a sincere, simple, soul-walking look, but there is frequently a sharp chaotic Kalmuč in the eyes of slanted, thick lips, nose flattened... The longing contemplation and cruelty of ruthless, submission and rebellion, the venom of smiting hatred and dedication without borders balance the scales of contradiction.
He stands before me as he was before everything in 1905 and before that until 1918 and the last days in relation to Polish society. Untrustful, self-absorbed, suspicious and gullible at the same time, according to who he is dealing with, ignoring all the effort of the "Lord" regarding the agricultural work and all the ordinances coming from the court. It has a strong sense of ownership, but only its own, which will be defended by lies and claws, like a chaotic animal. spiritual improvement and external culture, the insignificant conquests of civilization repel with all contempt of the first man, who, feeling that he will not be equal, prefers to repudiate erstwhile and for all, alternatively than tamper with something which is "inaccessible to him." “With us in the musket,” he says, “so bubło i bude”, And it sounds like a predominance, marking an implacable position, deep regret and unexplained harm and pain of renunciation.
Such is the way I see you, mediocre Ukrainian “musician”, alone in your peasant brain entangling your fate, eternally in the dark wading, in the eternal effort to defy your pit, after which you fall deeper into the night. I see you, the “scattered beast”, influenced by the agitation of 1905, crying for change, for any law that you thought you had understood and you know what you were calling for! Unfortunately, you don't realize anything and you don't know anything! First of all, you have no thought what you're missing, your needs you don't know, your changes you don't want.
Hurt! It's like an eternal wound! In his memory, the hard days of the ladies' day, the work badly paid, sometimes received; this past evokes, excites the enemy government, exaggerating Polish guilt, forgetting that the "Lordship" was the law of time and custom, applied everywhere in a certain era. But there were villages, In which the state joins the memory of a good “Lord” who cares for the happiness of the subordinates, life without care under watchful and wise care. The passive natures joyfully accept a being in which—as they expressed—they “had no headache.”
Strong desires have been awakened among Polish society: it was hard to quit working for this people! The souls of the hotter, the wider, were filled with warm fraternities, about the moral uplift of this people, about the national awareness that would show the people another ways. The goal of Polish thought was to dream forever: “As for the molyta, so will the odin of Polsza, Rus and Łytwa dawn”. According to this statement, this brotherly people joined Poland against common enemies appeared. But the Moscow gendarm and the government policy aimed at the ignorance of this people and to separate them in all way from the “Lord” — Lacha. So it was not spared bright colors to exaggerate the age-old faults of the Polish “Lord” in the eyes of the Ukrainian peasant, to lower his authority today. For decades, the people have been immersed in this belief that the “Lord” is an usurper, an evil and illegitimate ruler, a “crovopier”, as he was baptized in fresh years, erstwhile the enemy's agitation reached the measure. The Russian government, on the another hand, always yielding to the peasant, closing its eyes to all misdemeanors, justifying even crimes, settling the border disputes favorably, assisting the peasant, erstwhile it came to the acquisition of land from Polish hands, remained the personification of this good power which they worshipped with superstitious fear and respect. The eyes of the enemy guards of Moscow were waiting for any agreement between the hut and the Polish court, ready to cut them at any time brutally, with threats of dispatch or confiscation, more alert to this approach than to the attitude towards the Polish population, whose tiny fistful sank in the sea of the Ukrainian population.
We were divided by their confession, language — yet Polish sympathies undefeated against obstacles went to this people. Polish masters participated in the improvement of Ukrainian theatre, singing teams, weaving workshops, kilimkarski, silk workshops, contributed to the publishing of Ukrainian books and writings specified as WorldZeronycia, most of it is the work of the Polish society, subsidized by Poles. There were manors who continued in their “sought” to go on. Trusting in the strength of his enthusiasm and good relations with the “priest” [3] and ‘urjadnik’ [4], official, police persons who could be bribed with grain and money, organized a formal school, children's gardens, folk libraries, entering into this forbidden contact with the population.
This happened around 1900 during the summer. By 7 o’clock in the morning, the children of the full village were knocking at the gates of a manor house, crying out loudly and suddenly: “Can you get high?” (Can we come now?). No uncertainty it was a large relief for the full village; mothers were calmly going to work, certain that the children occupied did not fall into the mud, would not light a fire in the hut, so that, as sometimes during harvest, it would burn it down. For the children, it was a immense attraction; alternatively of thoughtless, empty hours of wounded — a well - arranged day of work. The children scattered all over the garden, searching for their places. Hours, divided into reading lessons, talks, drawing, robots, singing, fun and, gymnastics passed quickly. If this work could survive, it would have been a tremendous result. Unfortunately, she didn't last a year. It is said that the parents themselves have reported that the children want to “discharge” them. Prystaw gave a warning, considering that it's all very nice, but you can't do it due to the fact that it can pull erratic effects. In winter, the reading area was organized, books were selected, for which money was collected on the hands of the “ma'am”. These efforts convinced that in these people there are elements of strength and good, lying in a waste or, wasted, that utilized properly, guided by the heart and thought can make a nation. Children rapidly surrendered to the influence of civilization, organized easily. The fresh, capable minds captured and absorbed the news eagerly, orientating and grasping the inlet. Unfortunately, we should have stopped. The children went to their parish schools, which, in addition to church messages, could not even teach them to read and write. However, the songs that were taught in the garden were long ago in the village: "Hey, hey idem in the field, hey, hromado body!" and long ago children were sad at the gate of the court, asking if they could enter.
There was another way, a way of helping Samaritans, wellness care, charity. And this 1 was not neglected. It was improbable to overcome the people's reluctance to infirmary and doctor. The infirmary was considered to be a place of torment and death, the doctor “did not know anything”, knew “ma'am” and in her hands the sick child, dressings all were trusted. “Misters,” usually combining a doctor, a pharmacy, and a sister of mercy in her person, acted rapidly on nature not accustomed to medication. A certain hygyen and purity were besides important. The sick usually recovered, then the “ma'am”, was celebrated as a miracle worker, and to specified a “ma'am” ran the peasant with his finger ripped off in his pocket, believing that “ma'am” would stick it to him again. erstwhile after many efforts, he managed to put a severely injured individual in the tummy in a hospital, after 2 days he escaped from there, pulling out the drains, dropping the bandages, claiming that there was nothing they could do in the infirmary and only ‘ma'am’ could save him, as long as she wanted.
This was the attitude of the Polish court, resulting from the belief in the Polish mission and far-reaching dreams for the future. Knowing the efforts of Polish landowners and the real sympathy that they felt for the local people, how unusual the words sound, that if everyone kept in contact with the Ukrainian peasant and came into closer contact with him, making his needs and filling his shortcomings, it would not be this bloody card and this tragic end for the Polish owner at the ends! Unfortunately, 1 more thing can be said that this closer relation caused greater impudence, and that the first courts known for their relationship with the Ukrainian peasants, that where you were harsh, harsh in handling, you hesitated longer, holding back from rape the authority and fear itself.
The Ukrainian peasant, taking advantage of and accepting all the good intentions of the “state”, looked grim, distrustful and suspicious. For a long time, he could not grasp the reason for good conduct, for friendly reasons, he thought he had the right idea. This was all by order of the Tsar! So he came to the court for medicine like a pharmacy, took all the treatments and efforts, as he deserved. Then it was explained to him in a different way; he was told that you knew that everything belonged to him and that they wanted to bribe him with kindness. It stimulated his hatred more and suppressed all feeling of gratitude erstwhile and for all.
As early as 1905, they shouted, “We don’t request your grace, we will do everything ourselves due to the fact that it’s all ours!” Later there was a momentary calming – the amazed peasant for respective years, due to the fact that he was detained politically in these unfortunate attempts to rebel the first revolution. He was confused in his mind, and in no way could he explain why he was rebelled against the “gentlemen” , in the name of the Tsar, and then, on behalf of the Tsar, he was surrounded by the army, forcing him to stay silent. He humbled himself quickly, seemingly submissive, profoundly implacable, agitated.
To realize the cruel causes of the past years, which have reflected on a large part of our nation, destroying the Polish nests and the age of their achievements, it is essential to cast a fewer features in which the character of the Ukrainian people will appear more clearly. Let's see what he looks like in life.
Here is this peasant moving lazyly, sleeping through the winter on a stove, or wasting time in an inn, where he drinks himself unconscious, wakes up with a flash of spring all drenched with thought of the earth. And there's no love! As much land as possible to plant potatoes indefinitely and sow grain and be its part ruler, owner without reservation. The wife, the children, the neighbor, the parents, all of this is of no value to him; the heart is frozen in him erstwhile he thinks that he may be the only possessor! There are bloody fights about a part of ground, long disputes about the right to part, and fights In this desperate desire, they frequently end in death or disability. There is no place for feeling a clear, firm desire for possession.
He tells 1 of the jury, present at the trial of a peasant who wants to stay alone in the hut and get free of all co-owners and heirs, murdered parents, wife and children. To ask how he did it, the peasant answers without moving, simply considering his cruel act as rational. ‘OtYes, a take of the juice, perekrestywsza, taj after the pedigree, persz of the old messengers of the gins and ditkas". (I took the axe, I said goodbye – and so on the head, first the old ones, then the wife and children). He talks about this without the slightest remorse, his nerves calmly do not let him to see the bloody spirits of the murdered, he feels as if after doing a simple act that will increase his prosperity. It is simply a moral atrophy, a tense insensitivity that can besides explain to us why physical suffering is not felt by them, as if it might seem to people more sensitive.
It frequently happens that a female gives birth in the field, the next day she already gets back to work; children undergo the most severe diseases, moving in shirts in the cold, although most die, but they are the ones they hold. ‘On toy whip, or on toy’, (or on this side or on that side) the fathers say without emotion; erstwhile he comes out of sickness, he will be well and strong. It happened that a young female died abruptly – in the survey it turned out that she had passed a dense typhoid, going to work regular in 40° fever. ‘Until she blackened the bodies’, says the husband, stating the fact calmly. erstwhile after a fierce fight with a neighbour in which knives and axes flew, the boy hit on the head returns home, on the way, stopped to talk to the ‘man’ who made excuses for him due to this incident. The peasant stood erect, only with his hat he pressed his head – only in the hut it turned out that he had specified a terrible cut through his head that pieces of his brain flowed out of his skull. He died in a fewer moments.
Highly endowed with applicable sense, a sense of reality, Ukrainian peasants are always able to realize and explain all blessing that comes from the court, but never, or very rarely, feel gratitude, treating thankfulness as a kindness that does not decision anything in their hearts; they return home, reflecting on the causes of this blessing. Sometimes they have different feelings. Baba, having received a sack of flour from a citizen, goes through the village and reproaches him without ceremony:
"See you as tenderly bumbled in the dawns of rye as ce meni' nesti" (I hope it's so easy for you to live with this bag!).
The animality and so violent instincts were influenced by vodka, which besides played a function in the agitation of 1917 and 1918. A raging beast, stuck in all Ukrainian man, performed with a double power, sparing nothing and nobody. The Russian government increased the number of monopolies a year a year, and besides, the vodka trade was impunitylessly cultivated in huts. Hundreds of money went for vodka — it is adequate to say that 2 tiny villages drank 36,000 rubles a year, which in those days was a very large sum. Vodka, it was the right meaning and intent of life, which, too this, had no desires, immersing without measurement of drunkenness. Neither the school nor the Orthodox clergy have stimulated a higher feeling, nor have they indicated a wider horizon. Religia did not teach morality, due to the fact that it was a collection of tight formulas which peasants performed with the bluntness of a dark man. Non-execution of church regulations was in his notion of crime, so children were crowded to the church for the reception of communion at Easter, regardless of fever or fresh chickenpox or scarlet fever; the severely sick would alternatively die than break fasting strictly on oil by drinking a glass of milk or broth prescribed by a doctor. All of this didn't bother you at the same time committing robberies, crimes, getting drunk to death.
God, adapting to their concepts, was not angry about specified smallness; fasting and the Easter confession were easy absolution, and man felt free, his conscience threw nothing away. The soul, left in darkness and blindness, laid out its own concepts, not going beyond the narrow frames of peasant reasoning, but the “shepherd of souls”, usually indifferent, did not even effort to fight it. "Pop" was the least stimulating individual of love and respect, and he himself was very frequently pessimistic about his sheep. erstwhile proceeding of efforts made by a landlady to moralize the population, specified a local priest disdainfully said, “Ma'am, it is cattle”! This was the interior conviction of the “shepherd of the people” who tried to shed his work in these words.
Indeed, he was a rotten, depraved, uncultivated man, of whom, in spite of all things, the soul was sometimes drilled. Yes, the soul of man, but cruel, gloomy, vindictive, and sometimes falling asleep as if we were misty over our own fate, as if we were sorry with a pinch of broken poetry, which sounded in a disappointing song, which a young girl had told her to look with delight at the spruce wrapped in frost and say, "meni daztsia szony wse so cvetut". Or in a sense of unknown and vividly felt harm to say: "I don't know how a peniok is." Or hum through a clenched tooth: "I'm a musician of music and tra see specified a bet".
They were most likely just a single voice, but in them there was a sense of secret regret, unspeakable longing, a complaint of spirit inability. And this force of their fresh, joyful, childish, rousing in these colorful ribbons, in these wedding songs, vacation moods, this young soul gleaming out of the cluster erstwhile they began to execute the festivities on the field — the time of the plowing, the sowing, the harvest. It was then forgotten about fights and drunkenness, all the power of health, not given to this people, penetrated into this day's work, into an age of hope of tomorrow.
Was it not a "soul" speaking in the attachment and devotion of noble service to the Lord, this ability of faithfulness to the grave by tradition of generations?
The knowing of "nationality" never occurs clearly in this people; the name which the "musician" himself gives only indicates the distinctness with which they separate themselves from the "Lord" and from all that is "Lord" and, above all, the incongruous disgust with education, culture, any improvements made, prejudice undefeated to intellectual work and even any fear of it. erstwhile a peasant boy, getting to the court, after trying to “ma'am” learned to read, write, and finished six classes he got a good job. After any time he had an ulcer in his ear, he had to have a severe operation after which he died in hospital. The village judged that all these teachings had so damaged him; he would have been well if he had not learned.
There are inactive villages in Ukraine that have not been full reached by modern civilization; until fresh times the automobile was greeted with fear, as an "unclean force", and erstwhile the peasant, after measuring through the geometry the space between the village and the nearest town, after stating that according to the calculation, the distance was not as many as 14 verst but 16, congested, said naively: "Well if good way, but erstwhile will these autumn sarges be, how will I inactive pass?"
The possession of land and freedom were besides viewed with akin naivety. The earth, the coveted riches, but its usage represented eternal drunkenness and freeness, unfettered nothing from lying on the furnace, and erstwhile the sun shines, the machinal sowing of the same role, which should always faithfully supply grain supplies and so was only so desirable! A horse or cattle illness moved a peasant more than the death of a wife or child. erstwhile a peasant threw a horse out of a plow to get a doctor for a terminally sick wife, they were told about the 1 with the highest amazement.
Not against the background of tribal differences developed animosity towards ‘the master’, but on an economical basis; only the owner and owner were seen in ‘the master’. The Russian and Polish alike were distrustful. Both were a problem for the peasant, just as his brother or son, who resented possession and power, was in the hut. At the bottom of the thought may have been an indefinite dream to stay alone; possibly it was an unrevealed desire for a awakening individuality, for centuries suppressed and removed, yet an unknowingly, omnipotently, as a soul rising into the life of a nation? erstwhile erstwhile in a confidential conversation a more intelligent man was asked whether he preferred a sissy or a mosquito, he replied: "See that he tibbled, and that behind the desert, we bawded batohom“ (If he had run distant and followed him, we would have added a bar to them.)
However, erstwhile the thought of nationality began to appear stronger and the news of the freedom of all nation spread, the news of Ukrainian school, the language law, the Ukrainian peasant accepted it indifferently, even with reluctance. He refused to realize that he was to teach children in the language he spoke in the hut. He read with triudity and insisted that children should go to Polish or Russian schools due to the fact that he did not think to leave them for life with “musicians”. So many fresh currents have worked so far.
The local people never gave themselves an explanation of nationality, which, especially the state organization, was a dead letter to him. It's never in the disorder that came, either, the tribal case played no role. It is hard not to mention that different day erstwhile the revolutionary government of Kieren was declared in 1917. A village seized by the importance of a minute from which she was completely unaware, with the cries of chaotic triumph, with the pop and the full church parade set out on the streets, gathering in front of the court. Each village already had its Polish school, its beginning and its Polish school standard. The sent country elders came to the court to ask for this flag to add the glory of this solemn moment. ‘Give us your “Flaku“, ♪ so hard ♪“, they were called.
Indeed, it was unusual to see this pop prostrate in front of the Polish court and to rise revolutionary slogans listing the full imperial household in the service – and above this the Polish national flag with white eagle and Marja Częstochowa.
And the worst moments came. The animal in the human soul exclaimed with a terrible voice, aroused by its appetite for what was most desirable to him, chaotic animal greed exasperated by human greed. This beast of man turned out to be in all its abominations, not inhibited by any good, not tempered by the rules of religion, the ray of faith. The human soul, if it does not emergence higher, falls below the animal. That's what happened. The most tender place was struck and called the roar of the beast through trembling and torment. The animal jumped on the prey without hesitation. The remainder was filled with vodka. Let no 1 tell me about gratitude, human nature has small of it at all – possibly that this is due to this human nature that wants to feel its own strength – grace, gratitude humiliates a strong man. The unbridled, violent desire for self-reliance, not based on any basis, not included in the carbs of law and skillful action. The projects were spinning. – They wanted to reject hospitals – sick people and old people should die. The peasants will sit in their rooms like gentlemen, driving carriages and t. p. Gentlemen who, according to the insinuaries, wanted to bribe them, knowing that all belongs to them, stood in their eyes as unworthy people, unworthy of compassion. Those bound to the court were considered traitors, and the people's vengeance struck them terribly. The fresh order was chaotic, in divided brains – only the snarled appetites, the law of lawlessness spoke.
I do not want to repeat here the bloody images, the fire unleashed over the country of steppes and graves, the images of which the incredible horror of which makes the most expansive descriptions of the torment of the mediate Ages and Sienkiewiczian trilogy, have been done this time and again. Our past repeats them many times...
We're looking for a deeper reason, asking anxiously whose fault? We insist on 1 solution; only in the conduct of "gentlemen" towards "boys" or in the old Cossack tradition we are looking for a solution to the problem of historical hatred!... And yet, what else would it be?
The improvement of the spirit and concepts of men, the right of man and his dignity, going on the same way, gradually take on everywhere, bringing a relaxation of rights, abolishing the notion of privileges and social inequality—the causes were decently elsewhere. deficiency of strength to make national differences, deficiency of sense of statehood, exploited by enemy states! There was never this force, due to the fact that in those years of union with Poland, where nothing stood in the way, and the indifference of Poland in this regard, without restriction, issuing rights equal to the various nations of its subjects, did it not pave the way for the improvement of language, literature, national consciousness? The disappearance of this natural feeling puts the people forever under Polish or Russian influence. The east spiritual rite seems to connect it to Russia, yet there is simply a minute erstwhile they float beyond spiritual poorness through the unji's conflict with Orthodoxy. Podlaskie persecution awakens for a minute dormant souls, lifting to the top of martyrdom and turning the people towards the west, towards Poland.
The geographical position between Poland and Russia puts this nation in uncertain belongings, this uncertainty is skillfully exploited by the only Slavic enemy, Germany. And erstwhile the partitions divide Poland into 3 parts with Lithuania and Russia included, hostile agitations incite with double force, directing their blades against Poland from both sides. This passiveness and unawareness of national feelings most likely caused that erstwhile in a certain phase of the Bolshevik storm they wanted to awaken in Ukrainian people national well-being, they were met with resilience and reluctance, with amazement, which despised this separateness as an insult. Only economical hatred could work, addressing the instincts of the first man, and this cast this people into a brutal, animal conflict without dignity and conscience. So it wasn't tribal hatred that worked there, but adapted to the first concepts of Bolshevik ideas, satisfying in their brutality the low level of souls. The mindless, soulless victims of criminal passions without perfect and higher intent have shown the planet what a human being might become, for which only desire is to gain a feeding ground. But besides in this last bloody card, do we not see these repeated slaughters, out of which the cruel hand of Carica emerges and hear the laughter of Satan's Frederick?
Always the same. The communicative is not repeated, but in it is simply a string of 1 thought, going systematically, thereby tying threads.
Depraved, kept deliberately in the darkness after the partitions, unaware of himself, smitten to Poland, in which he sees only the hateful “Lord”, he will not draw a nation with which, by walking hand in hand, he could strike the enemy together, the Ukrainian people having no strength to be a nation, become blind and unrelenting. Do we not feel that all move, all sinister blow aimed at Poland, is always guided by the same German hand? Today, in an impartial look at the people with the blood of our loosed, in the look into the past of our common one, we hear clearly the voices of German hatred. A strong and large Poland deprived of covetousness, not striving for renaissance, able to keep power by interior power, prone to nephews, captivating by the power of its idea, may be this hand of a brother reaching out to a fellow nation. Poland should be able to respect the separateness of a related nation through the excessive love of the Homeland. Then, too, he will accomplish much by seeking the way of reconciliation to fellow believers against the enemy force.
What function does the future have in connection with this people? Will he yet join our hands, as our bones have been united many times and mixed our blood in common before the enemy of defense? The future is silent, and Ukraine present is simply a large cemetery, where sleepy graves pride themselves on blood so terribly shed. But the past of the nations is infinite, and God writes them.
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Footnotes:
[1] Józef Bohdan Zaleski –1802Kiev provinceed.1886Villepreux, now a locality in the region Île-de-France, in the department Yvelines. Buried in Zaleski's household grave on Montmartre Cemetery Paris.Polish poet of the period Romanticism. With Antoni Malczewski and Seweryn Goszczyńskiis counted to “Ukrainian School” of Polish Romanticism. His poems were written seldom seen in Polish poetry. Melic syllable, characterized by a very regular arrangement of accented syllables and an different line tune. For this reason, many of his works became very popular and gained a musical setting, besides from prominent composers of the time, including Chopin.
Melic syllable – a kind of regular poem, referring to lyrical songs; singing, in which the rhythm is formed by: a fixed number of syllables and a permanent position of accented syllables;
[2] The leitmotive poem by Józef B. Zaleski, entitled “At Ours differently”. A poem published, among others, in the Sunday supplement to the letter "Progress", published in Poznań from 1890 to 1925 (the addition of the "Bieder", issue dated 15.02.1914). Completely to be read in digitized collections of the Wielkopolska Digital Library;
http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/plain-content?id=228265
[3]the presupposition – in Russia, police commissioner or station commander (1837 – 1918),
[4]uriadnik – a low-ranking police officer in Russia, mainly in agrarian areas (i.e.
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List of all my notes on the “Navigator School” portal at the link:
