In his fresh St. Petersburg, speaking of the capital of the Russian Empire, Andrei Bela immediately passes to the fresh York possible and says that “he knows in a consecutive line due to the fact that it is simply a European prospectus.”
The fresh York possible was designed, along with the full architectural layout of the fresh capital, by Peter the Great. Cara-building, cara-cara-cara, cara-legislator, cara-antichrist. Rus Moskiewska lived through the 17th century as a panic of the Sadness (Times of Trubel) from the beginning of that century, which culminated in the business of Moscow by Poles, and then remembered the horrors of peasant robbery under the leadership Razin’s Stoves 1665-1671. And by the end of the century, the fresh Tsar Peter felt that Russia would only manage the threat from Europe by absorbing European sciences and solutions. The young Tsar ordered to read books on navigation, metallurgy, or philosophy, and modernized plans were put into practice like a self-employed man. The little conscientious he drove with a stick, the more resistant he cut. Above all, he set an example, working equally with the workers in the construction and launching of the ship, or studying mathematics or engineering and forcing more intelligent youths to do so. With giant growth, he caused superstitious fear among his subjects.
Following the superhuman modernisation efforts, Russia behind Peter created a modern army and fleet that crushed Sweden, the then regional power. The 1 that sank the Republic half a century earlier. It is no wonder that the winning Russian army besides began to reign in Poland. Even centuries earlier, Poles in the Kremlin treated Moscow as a century before the Aztec Spanish. Atoli in the early 18th century, roles changed dramatically, as proved by the "sey of the mute" of 1717. Russia has intensified thanks to modernisation, and it has begun to make civilian society in Russia. The abject mentality of the nobility in the Republic, where there was a deficiency of burghership and light absolute rulers, could not grasp the fundamental rights of mercantilism about the wealth of nations as the guarantees of their strength and impurity in history. This mentality was twisted by chivalry indifference as a way of solving political problems, which is now Jarosław Kaczyński He translated into prayers for "patriotic strengthening".
Russia Petersburg charmed the intellectual European elite Doby Lights by successively implementing Eurasian enlightenment reforms in the country. Peter I was delighted by Leibniz, who claimed that the Tsar led to “the convergence of Europe and Russia”. In turn, Catherine II was seductive not only with nymphomania, but with political and intellectual talents, earning in Europe the title of North Semiramid. It was under the edict of Catherine that the Russian "servant people", or agrobiurocracy of the erstwhile Moscow despot, yet – after revolutionary changes of their status, which Peter I made – became a courtship (nobility). Emancipated from submission to the state, the courtiers contributed to the emergence of Russian culture and science. 20th century Russian emigrator, Vladimir Weidlé, he felt that the best thing that emerged from Petersburg Russia was the Russian nobility.
The dvorian society was committed to liberalising the strategy and introducing the constitution in Russia, prefabricating the origins of civilian structures thanks to local self-government (simulation). At the same time, a layer of alleged eunuchs was formed in Russia, more or little educated refugees from the mediate classes: tiny officials, teachers, merchants and people of the free trades, as well as declassed courtships – seen commonly as intelligence. It was mainly based on the leadership figures of Russian radicalism: national-volt panic and Bolshevikism.
There were 2 cultures in Petersburg Russia, 2 separate and Russian - speaking nations. 1 of them carried the Moscow scheda, grown on the sloping hybridization of Byzantine infatuations and Mongolian oppression. He was identified by agrarian and provincial Russia, where the “power of darkness” reigned (saying in words Tolstoy Lion). The second was born of Peter's reforms, he became aware of Europe, and finally, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, he felt a European nation.
His Cretaceous manifested in 1905, forcing on the Carat, confronted with a powerful folk fuck, a systemic improvement leading towards a constitutional monarchy. And this creed confirmed, contributing in 1917 to the overthrow of the Carat, and creating a short-lived unfortunately Russian Republic. However, during the civilian war in Russia, the Petersburg people lost a civilizational clash with an integristic, folk nation, with a hatred of the state – alienated, faramous, simply insincere. These antagonisms were utilized to the ground by the Bolsheviks, especially their national-rusophilic wing, which Stalin turned out to be the leader.
Since the second half of the 19th century, Europe has had its ups and downs of the Petersburg culture, while the Russian Empire has been horrified and treated in politics. France for Napoleon III thwarted Russian interventionism in Europe as far as it could. Britain, in the name of the ‘balance of forces’, seceded Russia as it overly approached the Ottoman Empire and the mediate East. The Germans incorporated in the Second Reich viewed Russia as the main rival in their imperial reckoning.
The Poles, especially those who were independent and insurrectionally political romantics, were hostile to Russia. Their attitude was characterized by the cry of Mickiewicz: “Revenge, revenge on the enemy, with God and despite God.” That's what he stuck to, too. Józef Piłsudski – having first met him, Maria Dąbrowska reviewed it as a romanticist artist, not a politician – in activity in the Russian direction. The humiliation and beatings he suffered for the Tsarate during the imprisonments and cathorgaes caused deep trauma in this memorable man. Russia hated and erstwhile its defeats in planet War I, coupled with the disorganization of the state and economy, culminated in the outbreak of the revolution in 1917, and a year later capitulated Germany and Austro-Hungary, he felt that it had struck an hr of retaliation. He most likely got drunk erstwhile he saw White and Red bleeding out in the civilian war, which undoubtedly upset Russia for many years – and in this he looked at the past of Nemesis. How Well He Notices Jan Engelgard, he hoped that “bolsheviks in power are a warrant of permanent chaos, providing the anticipation of rebuilding the large Poland in the Jagiello model. This was – in retrospect – a cardinal mistake in numbers."
The Republic, which was revived in 1918, caricatured with: territorial shape, a refurbishment system, an unmodern economy, etc., its jagiello-sarmatian original. And she's had a akin verdict since past like her predecessor 150 years ago. For the neighboring Germans, rich and organized, rapidly generated military power on the services of the totalitarianism of the 3rd Reich. The Soviets besides did not fall into disrepute, and in the 1930s they made an industrialization and reinforcement leap.
In 1919, Pilsudczyk-based Poland preferred to consacht with Bolshevik Russia, in a sense of hatred for Petersburg Russia, even in its republican incarnation. The commanders of the White defender forces were not monarchs, but Republicans and Democrats, and their desperate fight against the Reds were fought in the name of the republic, not an empire (which the Russians insinuated). If the Russia of White over Red prevailed, thanks to the support of the Polish army – as Gen. Denikin asked Poles, taking the most dangerous offensive against Moscow for Soviets in 1919 – Poland would have as its neighbour a predictable country, not possessed by messianism. announcement that in Russia at the time monarchs and imperial rulers from the old-style circles were sworn to know about Bolsheviks, who in their view were the only ones who sought to rebuild the east empire. So in 1920 they mass-powered the Red Army as it prepared for an inexorable trial with the “white Poles”.
The triumph of the Bolsheviks in the civilian War and the mass emigration – “until the trams most likely rode” – of pre-revolutionary elites and the demolition of those who did not emigrate, in Stalinist purges, sank the Petersburg civilization about which the philosopher Dimitri Mierezkowski He wrote in a sense of large tragedies after the 1905 Revolution: “Peter the large is the first Russian intelligent. (...) The only full heirs, the children of Peter, are us Russian intelligence. (...) Another Peter Russia will not have, (...) and Russian intelligence has only one, another will not." The real thing is the words that explain why it was so hard to deal politically and diplomatically with russian Russia. And what's incorrect is the relation with post-Soviet Russia.
Prof. Jarosław Bratkiewicz
Think Poland, No. 15-16 (12-19.04.2016)
