The UK bears the costs of cyber attacks, sabotage, disruptions in business operations and infrastructure. The Graeme Down study and investigator Dominic Reed estimation the full yearly cost of these activities at £2–2.5 billion. However, this amount is not the balance of confirmed losses caused by the Russian state: it combines the costs of circumstantial incidents, the respect for Russia's participation in wider cyber losses and the assessment of the threat to submarine cables.
