Anniversary of the assassination of the Czarski politician of the Kingdom of Poland – Grand Duke Konstanty Mikołajewicz Romanov.
Today in our Calendar we will look at Polish independency movements, active just before the outbreak of the January Uprising.
At the turn of the 1950s – those and 60s – of the 19th century, a number of secret organizations were created in the Russian partition. Among others, these were e.g. Trojnicki Union at the University of Kiev and cooperating with it Circle of Polish Officers in Petersburg, a group of Polish listeners of the Tsaric Academy of General Staff. Wheel president Zygmunt Sierakowski, who in the years before the outbreak, communicated with Garibaldi and another high-ranked, European coal miners.
The activity of Jankowski's Narcissus was rather mysterious. This man was to leave the Czarski army, sale his full property in Ukraine and devote it to revolutionary purposes. He arrived in Warsaw in 1858, where he began energetically organizing conspiracy circles among students of the Medical – Surgeon Academy. In his activity, he contacted, among others, the Kiev Trojan Union, John Kurzyna, Louis Mierosławski and conspirators in Krakow and Paris.
At the end of 1859, he attempted to merge underground organizations and start an uprising. He managed to merge respective extremist conspiracy groups, but formed so-called. National Society and Warsaw ChapterThey didn't work long. They fell into interior disputes, and the end of their existence was the arrest of Narcissus Jankowski by Austrians in July 1860.
The activities of the secret organizations caused revolutionary sentiments in Kingdom society. Poles naively thought that the defeat in the Crimean war weakened Russia adequate that it was the success of a fresh uprising. Nothing more incorrect – the war effort against Turkey, France and the United Kingdom was limited both territorially and militarily and Russia lost its prestige but its military power was not broken.
In addition, the armed revolt had any chance only during the Crimean war, or between 1853 and 1856, alternatively than a number of years after it, erstwhile the carat had licked his, not very deep wounds.
The emergence in patriotic and revolutionary sentiments led to street demonstrations at first. The first manifestations took place as early as 1859. They were associated with anniversaries for the souls of the dead national witches Mickiewicz, Krasiński and Slovak. In October 1860, the demonstration interrupted the monarchs' convention in Warsaw and, acting on the initiative of Mierosławski Franciszek Godlewski, failed the seats of the Teatr Wielki with a stinking liquid, disrupting the exhibition of art.
Godlewski worked with Apollo Korzenowski. Apollo (father of the author Joseph Conrad) prepared various manifestations with Godlewski, e.g. the celebration of the anniversary Lublin Union or the ceremony of the Primate Antoni Fijałkowski, who were patriotic and anti-Russian.
On 27 February 1861, under the slogan of social reforms, another large manifestation was organised. The anti-Russian slogans were raised during the process, which caused the intervention of the imperial troops. Killed and wounded. The deteriorating moods and fears of the outbreak of the open uprising caused the Russians to appoint a fresh manager of the Government Committee on spiritual Confessions and Public Enlightenment in March. It was arranged to the possessor, Aleksander Wielopolski.
The Entrepreneurshipful number full utilized his position – he multiplied the number of primary schools and converted the Medical and Surgical Academy into a de facto university.
He then launched the Council of State of the Kingdom of Poland, ordered the public administration to remove Russians from it and replace them with Poles, and spread self-government again. At the same time he pushed the so-called. Conjuncture Actwhich allowed the usage of force against demonstrators and provokers. The consequence of the fresh law was the massacre of Warsaw's population protesting in Castle Square of 8 April 1861. The actions of Wielopolskie have come across strong opposition of both Polish opposition and powerful tsarist environments.
Poles accused him of being besides submissive and even betraying national interests. Godlewski and Korzenowski organised a boycott of the September 1861 local elections, and the manifestations took on an anti-Russian character, besides anti-government. any Russian elites, in turn, looked at the actions of Multipolska, resulting in regaining autonomy by the Kingdom of Poland.
Subsequent provocative manifestations led to the restoration of martial law in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland on October 14, 1861. Already 3 days later, in the home of Korzenowski the alleged 1 became attached. Urban Committee That is, a secret conspiracy organization that aims at creating an uprising. The conspirators undertook to build a conspiracy network of agents and an underground military organization. They conducted a secret recruiting of troops that shared the decimal strategy with thousands, centurions, and tithes at the head.
The most active activists of the organization were Jan Frankowski, Jarosław Dąbrowski and Franciszek Godlewski. The second issued an underground letter of the title Rise and shine. In 1862 Urban Committee transformed into National Central Committee.
The escalation of the conflict led to the consolidation of the national and abroad utmost opposition, resulting in the creation of the so-called. Red Party. The Reds managed the moods of the crowds skillfully as part of patriotic marches, resisting amicable politics White and Leopold Kronenberg’s initiative Urban Delegationwhich has set itself the goal of countering further provocations and street mischief.
They sought the fast outbreak of the uprising, to which they tried to pull the peasants in massively, promising them full expropriation. Their steering layer consisted of environments around Warsaw Medical – Surgeon Academy, sceptically oriented to the politics of Wielopolski and especially to the reorganization of their universities. Meanwhile, Wielopolski himself left for St. Petersburg, where in 1862, threatening the outbreak, he obtained the Tsar's approval for wider reforms and returned to the country as a de facto Prime Minister of the Government of the Kingdom of Poland.
Count Alexander WielopolskiThe Count's fresh powers and plans (including full gratuitous peasants and the restoration of the Polish Army on principles prior to 1830) enraged the conspirators who decided to kill him. On August 7, 1862, Louis Ryll and Jan Rzoniec carried out an unsuccessful assassination effort on his life, which was repeated with the same negative effect on August 15. A small earlier, on 3 July, the fresh politician of the Kingdom of Poland, the very comfortable Duke of Konstanty Mikołajewicz Romanov, was tried.
The organizers of the assassination were members Warsaw City Organizationand the contractor – Ludwik Jaroszyński. The attack failed, Jaroszyński missed, only wounding the large prince. And he was captured. The reaction of Konstanty himself was interesting, who did not take revenge and declared that the attacks did not make the full Polish nation responsible. On the contrary – on the occasion of his son's birth, he announced an amnesty for any political prisoners.
However, Amnesty did not include assassins on his and Wielopolski's lives. Jan Rzoniec, Louis Ryll and Louis Jaroszyński, were sentenced to death and hanged on the slopes of the Warsaw Citadel as terrorists. This led to further radicalisation of conspirators by sign Red Party.
On a miniature article: Konstanty Mikołajewicz Romanow
Previous entry from our calendar is available Here.
