EU sanctions without effect? More and more companies associated with Russia in the EU

On the basis of available, albeit dispersed sources, a coherent image of developments in the number of Russian companies or companies operating with a crucial share of Russian capital in the European Union in fresh years can be restored. According to estimates of 2022, at the time at least 31 000 companies belonging to or controlled by Russian owners were operating in Europe. This was a minimum estimate, taking into account limited availability of data and complex ownership structures.