In 1589. The Parliament of Parliament, i.e. the Chamber of Members, the Senate, and the King, in order to establish the power of the Zamoyski household and to safe the property against division in accordance with the Constitution of the Order of the Unmoveable and Moving Goods, wherever there is simply a prominent Chancellor and the Hetman of the large Crown John Zamoyski – for his merit to the Republic of Both Nations. Thus, each subsequent order was not its full owner, but alternatively its admin – which meant that it could not freely own the property.
An interesting book by Mrs. Justyna Bartkowska about Chancellor Tomasz Zamoyski – a somewhat forgotten boy of the founder of the ordination and its descendants. The book is written in an elegant literary language. The author's passion is the past of 17th-century Zamość, and the survey of sources makes her classical education very easy. The publication is the consequence of an analysis of rich archival material (mainly digital collections). She clearly prefers women's characters, i.e. Catherine – Tomasz's wife – and their daughters: Gryzeld of Vienna and Joanna Gabriela Koniecpolska, and in peculiar Gryzelda (sacrifices her as many as 3 chapters). It besides presents evidence of the unfair assessment of the boy of Thomas – John, called Sobiepan, reproduced in many studies of historians. The last character among the descendants Jan Zamoyski is Stanisław Koniecpolski (c. 1644 – 1682) – boy of Joanna.
Thomas (1594-1638) student, among others Simon Simonovich, then – by his father’s will – he travelled a long and burdensome educational way abroad. He broke, as the author claims, the work to take an oath in a Zamość college, required in the charter before taking up the ordination, but it was most likely influenced by the fact that at the time of his father's death he was a insignificant (as his boy John later) and assumed it on the board at the age of 26, erstwhile the statute of ordination as a mature individual recognized a 30-year-old. However, this does not mean, as Mrs Bartkowska said, that he treated her as an inheritance on general principles, due to the fact that he simply could not do so with respect to the content of the mostly applicable law, which was the 1589 Constitution. He was a good host. In his will, he entrusted kid care and all possessions (life sentence) only to his wife Catherine, with whom he created a happy marriage. Katarzyna (c. 1598 – 1642) Tomaszów Zamoyska (daughter of Prince Alexander Ostrogski and Anna of the Pomeranian Kostków family, and sister of Anna Chodkiewicz, wife of Lithuanian hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz), turned out to be an efficient admin of the ordination of Daughters ordered him to educate like boys (minds of the alternatively disrespectful treatment by his father of his uneducated parent Barbara of Tarnowski) – he further recommended his boy to learn abroad languages, military education, a two-year journey through Europe, and the service of the Republic and the King to take up private affairs.
He warned against heresy and breaking the purity of customs. Children learned prayers, writing and reading, Latin, Greek, rhetoric, past and doctrine from professors of the Academy of Zamość, as well as participated with their household in academic debates. About the eldest daughter Gryzeldy of Constance (1623-1672) The author recalls that it is simply a name that already occurs in Decamoran Boccacia, had not previously only worn Gryzeld Bathorn (the 3rd wife of Hetman Jan Zamoyski), but besides died at the age of a kid his daughter from her next matrimony to Barbara of Tarnowski, and in the 19th century – Gryzelda Celestyn from Zamoyskie Działyńska.Joanna Gabriela (1624-1653) It grew in the shadow of the Gryzelda of Constance and the younger brother of John, although it seems delicate and sympathetic than a year older sister.
On Jan Sobiepan (1627-1655) The 3rd chief was utilized to looking through the letter prism of his faithful wife Maria Kazimiery de la Grange d’Arquien and through kind envy pamphlets Boguslawa Radziwił Or Opalinski. He was besides a good property host, well versed in economical and financial matters, afraid about the state of the Academy, as well as the problems of the subjects, about the military and the fortress. The author emphasizes his merits at the time of the Swedish flood, his faithfulness to King John Casimir in contrast to Jan Sobieski (whose figure is negative). Sobiepana mistakenly sees as a associate in the Tyszowiecki confederation, due to the fact that at the time of its establishment on 29 December 1665 – he was already dead, as he could not defy the troops of Jerzy Rakoczy (1657). Sobiepan paid for the Quarcian army despite the desolate goods. He took care of artists (musicians, court painter) and literates (dedicated to him, among others, by Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, alternatively than Jerome, about 50 literary works), here in Zamość the Polish prime minister “Cyda” took place at the court of the Ordinate Pierre Corneille with professors and students of the Academy of Zamość as actors.
During his time, the academic printing home issued about 150 titles, the construction of a powerful Franciscan church (a fresh restoration was completed), 2 libraries were assembled in the palace (called the castle) from the time of the founder of the city – about 4,000 titles. The III Ordinate was a benefactor of churches, hospitals and shelters. He besides kept Sister Gryzelda and her son of Michael (1640-1673), a later king. The author dispels the story of Sobiepan's venereal illness – and this is based on letters Maria Kazimiera Zamoyska to Jan Sobieski, with whom she cheated on her husband. Zamoyski did not have a French – she wrote (p. 162). Nor did she mention (as did the Rector of A.Z. Basil Rudomcz in his journals) about his alleged betrayals. The autopsy ordered by Princess Gryzelda after her brother's death revealed liver, spleen, and heart harm due to excessive alcohol consumption. Marysieńka spent thousands of zlotys on trips to Warsaw or Paris, making, among others, Sobieski very costly presents. It was besides very costly to keep it, and the valuables themselves were claimed to be PLN 7 million.
Author of weapons Jeremy Wiśniowiecki (1612-1651) – Gryzelda's wife – before the black legend of the “cruel”. He presents evidence of his affirmative attitude towards the subjects, the thoughtful colonization of the zadeeprzany estates, which he carefully managed and protected the exempt settlers from the state for many years, provided them with guarantees of spiritual freedom (he himself was a convert from Orthodox to Catholicism), strengthened trade routes to Gdańsk and Moscow. He allowed his subjects to have a career in the military (p.175). In their will in the ordination area (Krzeszów), where from 1649 the Wiśniowiecs took refuge after the Chmielnicki uprising and the failure of property, among others, he urged his boy Michael, a later king, to “keep gentleness.” After the conflict of Beestek in 1651, Sobiepan took care of him.
For Gryzelda, as he emphasizes, a beautiful dream in which she lived collapsed in 1648. The most powerful of the Ukrainians, or debacle magnates, was on the verge of poverty. After her husband died, there was no way to recover the property. The lands behind Dnieprem were lost to the Cossacks, then Moscow, and those in Volyn were ravaged. So she returned to Zamość, where she received aid from her brother to repay her debts. She oversaw her son's education and helped Sobiepan manage the ordination. In his will he wrote her PLN 15,000 (apparently borrowed) and ordered Michał Korybut and Stanisław Koniecpolski to extend the arena on the goods she leased. The Duchess, as the author emphasizes, was an obedient individual to the father and husband, but it should be added that she did not necessarily like her large grandpa – the founder of the ordination – due to the fact that her actions were contra lega of the 1589 Sejm Constitution approving the statutes of ordination. After the childless death of Sobiepan, she unlawfully attempted to take over the ordination and informed everyone that only her, her boy and Stanislaw Koniecpolski were the sole successors of the estates (s184)!
Therefore, the claim that Gryzelda "was entitled to take possession of goods after a brother" should be regarded as a misunderstanding (p. 39). The book lacks a reliable mention to the statute of ordination. Cherry, her boy Michał Korybut (1640-1673) and nephew Stanislaw Koniecpolski, persuaded by her, regardless of applicable regulations, even broken regulations, took possession of the Zamojska Order, which the author seems not to notice. The constitution mentioned above (today we would say: the bill) explicitly excludes women from inheritance, and, in view of the expiry of the line, defines the heir of the line of the younger household of Zamoyski coat of arms "Jelita", and this is not just a "recommendation", but a binding legal standard! For eleven years, the embarrassing “kingless ones”, as he rightly described, continued Jan Zamoyski in an interview with Robert Jarotsky. "Viśniowiecka wanted to abolish the Zamojski Order and take it after half with Koniecpolski as an allodial estate, inherited on general principles" ("The Last Ordinate. With Jan Zamoyski meetings and talks" p.63, Issue II) as well as the list of Gryzelda Wiśniowiecka to Ensign Czernihowski Gabriel Hulewicz and to the substitution of the Bracławski Earth, where he complains of his alleged harm ("People and Events in Baroque Zamość", the choice and improvement of Halina Wiśniewska, p.119 et seq. UMCS 1996 Publishing House). In storming the Seymites and in correspondence with influential and respected dignitaries, she made requests for aid in abolishing the ordination of the rightful temptations of Zdzisław and his boy Marcin Zamoyski.
In addition, in a situation where only in the dowry received from the astronomical ordination the sum of PLN 700 1000 (Joanna received PLN 500 thousand). The income of the prosperous property then amounted to about PLN 190 1000 per year. Here is an example not so much of the size of an educated female (prefeminist?), as (perhaps according to Paweł Jasienica) alternatively Polish anarchy – started by her. The author admits that in her will her son, King Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, recognized the right of the younger Zamoyski line to ordination, although the motive was supposedly the childlessness of his and his great-aunt Stanisław Koniecpolski. Officially – in favour of Marcin Zamoyski IV ordinata – the case was concluded by the Sejm during the time of Jan Sobieski.
Halina Ostovich
Justyna Bartkowska, “It took place in the castle of Zamość. Tomasz Zamoyski and his descendants”, Publisher Justyna Bartkowska, p. 311.
Think Poland, No. 19-20 (10-17.05.2016)
