Cognitive war is 1 of the least perceived and at the same time the most effective tools of Russian abroad policy. As Natalia Bugajowa and Kateryna Stepanenko compose in [A Primer on Russian Cognitive Warfare report](https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/primer-russian-cognitive-warfare), unlike classical propaganda or intellectual operations, it involves not so much imposing ready-made messages, but on subtle shaping of the cognitive environment of the opponent so that it itself comes to conclusions consistent with Kremlin's interests.