https://www.nist.gov/pml/nbsnist-radio-stations-story-old-timer/story-old-timer-higher-frequencies
http://www.theradiohistorian.org/transmitters/transmitters.html
Kołchoźniki is simply a wired radio (it was called a radio node), in which the program broadcast from the central studio is received in places where the wires were delivered and where the speakers were installed. Apart from method considerations, its essential feature is the complete submission of 1 centre, and thus the deficiency of choice. Therefore, the name cradle is considered a pejorative term. It symbolizes and rightly, a totalitarian society where power has complete control over all content. It does not always usage this control in a visible way, sometimes leaving the margin of freedom and the illusion of freedom, but it is crucial that power can limit this margin at any time to zero.
The other of cable radio is radiophone on radio waves. With a radio receiver, we can receive signals from different broadcasters sometimes from around the world, as radio waves do not halt at administrative and political borders. In practice, there may be various kinds of physical limitations and I want to say a small more about them. To facilitate further discussion it is worth recalling any basic features of radio waves. In order for radio waves to transmit information, they should be modulated so that any feature of the wave changes into the signal we want to transmit. Like amplitude or wave frequency.
(AM — amplitude modulation https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_amplitude(FM — frequency modulation) https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_cz%C4%99capacity%C5%9Bci).
Many another modulation methods have been developed, but these 2 are utilized in the radio. Wave modulation makes it occupy a certain frequency scope (band), the wider, the more information we can send. For example, the better sound quality achieved by modulation of FM is occupied with about 20 times the larger band than with AM. 1 FM station would take a full scope of longwaves. Therefore, in the bands of long, average and short waves, the radiophone uses AM.
From the above, there is simply a fundamental relation forming the radio:
The higher the frequency of the wave, the greater the anticipation of packaging information on it. At the same time, the higher frequency of the wave is its lower length.
Currently, electromagnetic waves of little than 1 metre, centimeter, millimeter and shorter lengths are utilized to transmit most information. specified short waves spread along consecutive lines, or the area where signals can be received from the antenna, is akin to the area that would be illuminated by it if it were a light source. The scope of the antenna does not exceed the line of the spectral circle, and in the hilly area there may be different holes where there is no signal. In addition, depending on the frequency of the wave and material, various obstacles to the field may cast a shadow, which is to prevent the connection.
Unlike the radiophones mentioned above on long, average and especially short wavelengths, it allows for large distances. average and long waves (length about 200-2000 m) bending, reaching far beyond the horizon and can be received 2,000 km from the broadcasting antenna, and sometimes further. The main limits of scope are atmospheric interference and others where a weak signal is lost. However, thanks to reflections from the ionosphere short waves (200-10m) and to any degree the average can be long distances. Under favorable conditions, short waves can orbit the Earth. This makes radio waves in short, average and long wavelengths unique for free access to information. It was thanks to them that during planet War II the nations of the countries under German business were not condemned solely to German war propaganda. Thanks to well hidden radio receivers, they could besides have access to Allied propaganda. Also, various agents and spies could keep bilateral communications with the headquarters.
It was akin in times of so - called communion. U.S. propaganda centers, specified as Free Europe (i.e. CIA) or Voice of America (State Department) had powerful broadcast stations emitting on shortwaves. besides many another broadcasters, specified as Vatican Radio, whose stations were placed in densely populated areas of Italy and so strong that they posed a serious nuisance and wellness threat to the people surviving there. Nothing, it was more crucial for broadcasters to influence people on the another side of the iron curtain.
Radio waves cannot be stopped, they freely cross geographical and political boundaries, so power, in order to limit access to alien propaganda, had to hotel to jamming. For many reasons, it was not full effective, so short waves for decades served the free flow of information. However, times have changed, and this is due to the pursuit of better signal quality and greater capacity. It is possible to usage long, average and short wave modulation methods (i.e. to transmit a signal to the wave carrying the information) do not let for the transmission of hi-fi quality sound or even more moving images of television. This is possible only by radio waves with higher frequencies, which is shorter, and thus spread to smaller distances. Like a metre wave. Supporting the reception of hi-fi stereo sound radio stations in the UKF band have a scope of about 30 km, as do terrestrial tv stations. Covering the country's size with specified a signal requires a full network of hundreds of stations, but what is not done to save resources to supply viewers and listeners with the highest quality advertising.
Radiophony on long, medium, and short waves is said to be obsolete and barely anyone uses it. On medium-sized waves in the evenings, we can hear about 20 more stations mostly European. Longwaves are much worse due to the downgrading of stations and the expanding level of interference. Poland had a very good long-term station, which could be picked up all over Europe and much further, but thanks to the thoughtlessness of an uneducated engineer who carried out regular control and replacement of transmission masts in 1991, the mast collapsed. This is simply a crucial example of the demolition and endurance of Poland's achievements from the times of the Polish People's Republic by the arrogance and incompetence of fresh teams. https://tech.wp.pl/radio mast-in-Constantin-highest-object-in-the-world-stal-in-Poland,6123962871343233a
The shortwave bands presently employment almost exclusively stations of little developed countries, which cannot afford to cover the country with UKF transmitters and Chinese stations broadcasting programs in all languages, including Polish and Esperanto. And inactive a fewer stations in French giving the overseas territories of France and the Emirates the praise of the Lord and of the ruling household in many languages. It's getting harder to find something else. Free Europe and the Voice of America for east Europe have become unnecessary, as we now have American propaganda in all the media of Poland and neighbouring countries. besides the Vatican Radio has its window on the program of the first Polish Radio. another broadcasters are besides shutting down stations. The voice of America is limited to the 3rd planet countries, and for about 10 years has besides been given to the US. Previously in force since 1948, the law has prohibited US government propaganda directed at Americans, but it has changed since 2013 (Smith–Mundt Act). It says a lot about the times we live in.
Few people know that in the United States and Canada, many radio stations are inactive operating on average and sometimes short waves. likewise in Australia. These include tiny stations of tiny broadcasters. due to the fact that the countries are extensive, in any places little frequently inhabited, and 1 low-power station in the mid-wave band covers a much larger area than the network of respective UKF stations is simply a much more economical solution. This was late mentioned in the media on the occasion of electrical cars. Namely, the generation of powerful electromagnetic interference should be added to a long list of serious defects in electrical vehicles. electrical cars spread strong interference, much more than the ignition strategy and the electrical petrol car do. Americans attached to their local average wave stations demanded that interference be limited to the level that allows specified radio reception in the car. Of course, large misfortune and increased costs for the producers of these miracles. On the occasion, erstwhile again, the complete failure of journalists gossiping about the "AM band", which is full nonsense. The band is called on the basis of the wavelength (sometimes frequency) length. So there are long, medium, short and ultra-short wave bands (LW, MW, SW and UKF) etc. However, there are no AM and FM bands, as AM and FM are types of modulation utilized in different bands. AM — amplitude modulation https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_amplitude and FM — frequency modulation https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_cz%C4%99capacity%C5%9Bci. Unfortunately, reading an encyclopedia password by a writer before writing an article could suppress his natural genius, so it is not an option. They have thoughtlessly prescribed what the another mindless wrote, and we are to eat what they have poorly digested.
The collision of electrical cars and radios pointed to another problem. Namely, power no longer has to hotel to peculiar jamming stations. We have them all around us, we frequently buy them and install them ourselves. All kinds of TVs and monitors, and loaders, power supplies and inverters sow relentlessly. Increasingly popular LED lighting and light bulbs are an excellent origin of interference, sometimes better than a light source. They can be equipped with appropriate systems to reduce interference or prevent them from entering the network, but this is seldom done due to the fact that it costs, and why? Only a part of the device is delicate to these disturbances, and the impact on our wellness is not studied and seen immediately.
After the fall of the east Block, large radio installations in the russian Union became unnecessary, but any found fresh applications. Tadeusz Rydzyk, with suitcases of money, went east and launched the broadcast of Radio Maryja. RM utilized Russian military broadcasting stations reportedly until 2003. I do not remember the exact data of these stations, but they were shown in the planet List of Broadcasting Stations published for amateur radio listening, where the exact location, power, frequency and programme, or broadcaster (RM), were given. Now we have fresh times, so RM supposedly has a network of 127 transmitters in the UKF band in Poland, but for many years it was the strong russian military stations that provided coverage for the full Polish RM programme. Interesting, but there's no mention of that on Wikipedia's current website. The relation with Russia became uncomfortable, so a sympathetic wiki-editor hid the facts. RM mediumwave stations work in the USA and Canada, as do the local stations mentioned.
With the disappearance of the Iron Curtain, the anticipation disappeared, and reportedly besides the request to look for alternate sources of information. In the past, citizens were aware of the government propaganda and opposed it by listening to the propaganda of the opposing camp. Now as citizens of the “free world” we do not have to. We are completely immersed in uniform globalist propaganda and have stopped noticing it as fish do not announcement the water in which they swim. Sometimes they effort to argue this conspiracy theorists and various another anti-vaccinationists, but in the present free planet acting in the image and likeness of Chin Mao Zedong they are rapidly hailed as enemies of the people and isolated. And no one's gonna stand up for them, not even proceeding about them. A compatible choir of supposedly free media will skip, jam or vilify voices contrary to authoritative narrative, and the public will post another stamp at their social media accounts as a signal of virtue.
Thanks to method advancement we receive advanced quality signals, sound almost like from the performance hall and without interference. akin colorful moving images. And enjoying this wealth, we don't see what we've lost. Invisibility, the radio has become its opposite. alternatively of free access to broadcaster programs from all over the world, we have a radio broadcast of respective twelve kilometres. We don't see it. Even cable tv does not associate with a wheelbike despite its apparent dependence on the cable. We may think the presence of 500 channels changes something, but these are just appearances. Just as in the case of a snarling wheelbagger, what we are allowed to receive is decided by the authority, which can close any channel at any time and replace it with others. This is the case with cable, but besides with UKF radio. Due to the laws of physics, the limited scope of ultrashort and shorter waves effectively prevents the reception of distant stations, and local broadcasters live in accordance with local power.
The communicative circled and we went back to the radio node, or programmes broadcast and received locally. The unfettered freedom of contact with the planet that the radio gave us was taken from us by method progress, commerce and our pursuit of comfort, and we did not even announcement it. We usage the collectives for 500 channels without knowing that they all feed us the same propaganda. It no longer takes Jaruzelski's soldiers to take the public on the night of 13 December, as no of the stations bow out of the established order. Presenters will not wear uniforms, they frequently do not be at all, due to the fact that they are no longer needed, while the transmission of authoritative narration guards a well-controlled strategy regardless of the station's name. Then, in 1981, we had a radio that was out of control. Now we don't have it. Even erstwhile we are reportedly receiving a abroad channel from a far-off country, it besides passes through the filter of local operators who are completely subject to power. Don't you believe it? And what kind of ads interrupt this show, local or local? And this is the end of a free radio that has known generations for the last 100 years.
The cradle with 500 channels of quality 4K remains a cradle.
What can we do to taste the end of the classical radio era? Having an old kind receiver with average and short wave ranges, it is worth moving and trying to receive, preferably in the evening after sunset slow sweeping radio bands. We should find at least a twelve stations tonight at Medium wave bands and depending on the time of day and conditions of respective in Shortwave bands. The sources of interference mentioned above may prevent reception, so it is worth trying at different times of day and evening and moving the radio to another room. possibly the neighbour will turn off the tv or turn off the light in the toilet. A better option may be to supply a planet receiver (global) with battery power (accumulator). A tiny and light receiver can be taken on vacation or for a walk and utilized distant from sources of interference. Unfortunately, the quality of the receiver is not inexpensive and it is not worth bothering about. any comfort may be the fact that the primitive receivers available in the markets receiving only the UKF (and sometimes LW, or long waves) are not cheaper. Meanwhile, the global receiver receives everything, besides radio stations from the UKF band, so anyway, it will be useful for trips.
The option for computer technicians can be the SDR (Software Defined Radio) receiver connected to the USB socket, but there is no space to decently describe it. I'm giving you the links, and I'm helping you. Of course, an antenna is needed in this case, but frequently a fewer meters of wire is enough.
https://www.rtl-sdr.com/about-rtl-sdr/
https://pl.aliexpress.com/item/32939551915.html — V3
https://pl.aliexpress.com/item/1005005952682051.html — V4
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