Ukrainian fighters – colleagues from the cell and walking – I offer
THE large NATION
Once, erstwhile I had quite a few free time, I read the past of ancient Rome written by Mommsen. This book contains the past of the 1000 years. What strikes first is the immensity of states, peoples, tribes, nations that appear and vanish on the pages of Roman history, whether absorbed and assimilated by the Roman people or lost, dead. Tens, hundreds of names, capitals, regimes, dictatorships, kingdoms, republics. And out of this immensity ephemeride emerges, conceived from 1 city and its immediate vicinity, expanding to Latium, to the Apenite Peninsula, to all present Italy, yet to the Mediterranean basin – the Roman nation. Yes, sir, a nation. A large nation.
The past of its origin can service as an example of the emergence of large nations. Nations specified as France, England, Germany, United States, Russia, Poland. Of 1 tribe, of 1 people are tiny nations. The large nations have six single - tribe nucleus, they must have it, but they grow by the feet of their related peoples. They build their uniformity laboriously, overcoming differences in speech and customs, overpowering centrifugal forces and separatist currents. The large nation always has sects, which, alongside the authoritative speech, inactive usage a fiancé, which is frequently the speech of an enemy neighbor. The large nation is always in the period of digestion, assimilation, expansion. erstwhile these processes disappear, erstwhile the population stabilizes, the nation begins to die. His lifespan is over. And with vitality, greatness ends.
France, for example. It grows from countless, so diverse Celtic, Germanic, Romanic, Basque components. In the mediate of this millennium, it is divided into 2 distinct divisions – langue d’oc and langue d’oil. Langue d’oil – the language of the vicinity of Paris prevails, but his rival langue d’oc – has yet to deliver a large poet Mistral in our time. There is inactive Breton, Basque and Catalan in the Pyrenees, Italian in Sabaudia and Nice, German in Alsace. Even the name of France is random. Alsace's assimilation – the German co-optation to the French people – began in the age of Louis XIV. The period is short, but it would have sufficed for half of the population of Alsace to be re-attached to the German Reich – inactive speaking German – to flee back to France.
The English people are likewise composed. The Celts, including the Anglo-Saxons, including the Normands, grew into the background of prehistoric natives. Even a fewer centuries ago, the Scottish nation was in all respect distinct from English, had its own kings, speech and custom, and fought continually with the English. Today, these nations have united. The Anglo-Saxon element, without uncovering any further nourishment on its island, moved to another continent, and today, absorbing another sections of the white race, forms a fresh nation called the United States, which is actually an extension of the English nation. I have no uncertainty that during the further integration of the large nations, the English and American nations will come to the authoritative declaration of their unity, as it seems possible to extend the borders of the German people to the Scandinavian nations, to the Flemish and Dutch. The difference between Frisian and Tyrolian is undoubtedly greater than in us between Pomeranian and Rusin. Nevertheless, the German people have grown into awesome unity and their vitality is revealed, reaching further and further. Moscow? It merged, on the large-ruskie trunk, from many Mongolian tribes, from the Tatars, the Kyrgyz, the Yakuts. Poland? It has grown from many Western Slavic tribes, Jadzwings, Lithuanians and Russian elements. In the era of the Piasts, a tiny nation, uniform ethnographically formed. Behind the Jagillons a large nation grew around the Polish nucleus. A nation called Rzeczpospolita grew as fresh nations with bizarre names are formed present – the United States, Yugoslavia, USSR.
ACTS OF COMPLIANCE
At a time erstwhile Old Town and Chrobry formed their state, from the Elbe to the Black Sea and down to the Danube there was a Slavic sea, made up of countless tiny tribes. A traveler wishing to go from Prague to Kiev, for example, would not come across a clear language border anywhere, but all fewer miles, if he was a very smart observer, would see tiny differences in pronunciation, which would make a immense difference between Prague and Kiev. The simple thing was that 2 large families could be separated – Western and Eastern. But there was no clear border, and Chrobry, plucking his state with his sword in the plain of Slavs, had no another data as to mark it, as the strength and momentum of his arm.
The dynastic and spiritual opposites contributed to deepening the differences between east and Western Slavic times until the end of the Piast era. From Kazimierz the large and Jagiełła these differences are weakening. Initially it seems that Poland will make a fresh large nation together with the full confederate Russia. Unfortunately, the Chmielnica region separates half of Ukraine from the Republic of Poland and gives it as a material for the integration of the fresh large nation – Russian. We have quite a few talk about the alleged jagillonian idea. The Jagillons did not know about its existence – specified a paradoxical claim has late been made by 1 of our historians, I do not remember whether Konopczyński or Kolankowski. large claim. large historical processes take place with the hands of individuals who mostly do not realize their role. The French people were a pain in the neck of his kings. fewer of them realized that they were integrating not only the kingdom but besides the nation. Their conquests resulted from the desire to grow estates and incomes, for political and strategical reasons. Meanwhile, life went its course and formed a nation. After joining the kingdom of the Bretons, Basques, Catalans, Alzatians, the process of spiritual assimilation began at once, the production of which is simply a large French nation.
In fresh years, we have been spread quite a few the jagillonian idea, trying to justify the alleged "state" concepts, the concepts of Poland as a combination of mechanical citizens who consider themselves sons of respective different nations, and connected only with a feeling of loyalty to the common state. It was expected to be a national state, like the deceased of Austria, but Austria without a dynastic bond, which was undoubtedly its most basic magnet. This artificial concept was meant to give the blush of life the Jagiello idea. The Jagiellonian Poland – according to these gentlemen – was an inn, in which a couple of nations were expected to live together, without sacrificing anything of their separateness, in complete freedom to preserve their national faces, speeches and customs. It was only meant to be a feeling of faithfulness to this Republic, which was actually just a sign and a shield protecting outside this unusual congregation of nations.
I will say in advance that, in my opinion, specified an knowing of the Jagiello thought is false. Doubtless, neither in the time of the Jagillonians nor much later, no of the existence of specified an thought realized. We can specify this thought only after the effects of the Polish-Lithuanian-Russian union and the 2 centuries of the reign of Jagillons. There can be no uncertainty about these consequences: it was not the coexistence of nations under the common roof, it was the process of forming a large nation. The trial was very far advanced at the time of the partition of the Republic. Jagiellońska Poland, is the emergence of the common Polish-Lithuanian-Russian people, with the authoritative language of Polish, but subject to very strong Lithuanian and Russian influences, with customs and devices on which improvement consisted in the free coexistence of all 3 united peoples. If the partitions were not tragically interrupted by this process, a large nation uniting all elements of Gdańsk and Polaga to the Black Sea would present be a fact which would weigh immensely – and savingly – on the destiny of the world.
This claim could be demonstrated very easy and effectively utilizing statistics, graphs, monographs. Unfortunately, it would require extended investigation that is presently not possible. It is bad that these studies have not been conducted in the past, but there will come a time erstwhile they will be performed. present I must ask the reader to satisfy himself with any arguments given in non-scientific form, which must supplement with his own observations and thoughts, and with memories of individual nature.
Here is 1 of my memoirs: in the summertime of 1928, erstwhile I was in active military service after completing my subchoratory, I spent 2 months on the Bolshevik border, 2 miles from the Capitals, deep in the Radivilov forests. On my way to specified fallen Kresy, I imagined that I would find there a uniform peasant mass of Belarusian, uniformly hostile Poland. What a surprise it was erstwhile I stated that all another village in these parts was a noble wall, speaking a beautiful Polish-Belarusian bustle, hotly patriotic and self-sacrifice. But the village where we lived, Mikołajewszczyzna, was pure Belarusian and utilized as the worst reputation in the area. Parabists from this village mostly fled to the Polish army on that side. The celebrated communist poet Belarusian Mickiewicz, who lived in Minsk, came from this village. respective members of the Belarusian russian government besides came from here. A year before our arrival in this village, the head was cut off – virtually – by a police interviewor and the head was carried to the another side, due to the fact that there was a prize of a 100 rubles in gold. In a word, the bad reputation of this village was full deserved. Hence, we were not allowed to settle in the buildings, but we pitched tents on vast membranes over the city of Germany and surrounded our camp with barbed wire.
It just so happens that my commanding officer made me collect sixty submarines from this village 1 day and go with them to the sawmill. erstwhile it came to the writing of these podód, my surprise had no limits: for the accuracy of these figures I vouch for 37 Mickiewiczs and 11 Sienkiewiczs. The rest, with tiny exceptions, bore beautiful Polish noble names, with which we meet all day in Polish society. The chief, a resisting and mistrustful Belarusian peasant, pressed by me, admitted reluctantly that the village was formerly unitsky and that it had any royal messages. Experts in relations say that likewise the area that was screened in Polish continued far beyond Minsk. After the Treaty of Riga, they made large efforts to erase these traces of Polishness. Even during the 1926 census conducted by the Bolsheviks, little than 1 100 1000 people in the area of russian Belarus claimed to be Poles, testifying at the same time that they talk Belarusian at home! So the Bolsheviks took a vigorous approach to the purgatory and disembarked the Polish population from the border belt, on a 100 versts deep. They were taken to Murman or Siberia.
Since my stay on the border, I have resented Prof. Stanisław Grabski, the main spring of our delegation during the peace negotiations in Riga in 1920. Prof. Grabski voluntarily – he told me this himself – did not request from the Bolsheviks of Mińszczyzna, which the Soviets would give to Poland without resistance.
Let us not forget that the condition I observed in Belarus is simply a very distant and mediocre trace of pre-accession relations. A century and a half of consistent efforts by the imperial governments have done their part. But we can draw conclusions about past relationships. If, in 1 100 years after the partitions in Lithuania, the Polish speech and customs prevailed all over the place; if Vilnius was on the way to the final collapse with the Republic of Poland, being the most Polish of our border regions; if there is so much Polish component in Belarus (I am not talking about the courts and the associated Polish element); if, despite the efforts of Austrians (and our administration) all 3rd man in east Małopolska was Polish; if there is so much Polish component in Podolu and Ukraine that even the Bolsheviks were forced in a certain place – think that close Winnica – make an autonomous Polish district9 – then we can conclude how far the process of forming a large nation in the areas of the Republic of Poland had to be. If this process had not been interrupted by the partitions – present the Republic of Poland would undoubtedly be as nationally uniform as France, England, Spain, Russia.
I can hear the stereotypical charge: yes, but it was only the higher layers. That's not true. The higher layers were completely confounded in the 18th century, but the people were besides in the close stages of what we see present in Brittany or Alsace. Greek Catholic church? I heard many voices calling it the main obstacle to Polish-Russian rapprochement. What a alien to history! This church, the top spiritual and civilizational accomplishment in our history, was by the mediate of the 19th century 1 of the main levers of the formation of the large Polish-Russian people. Until then, the language of the Greek-Catholic seminars was Polish, alongside the liturgical language of Old Russian!
It's our responsibility if we let this church go so far astray in fresh years. And in this darkest era there was a full sect in this church, with Bishop Chomyszyn at the head, striving for loyal cooperation with the Republic. The formation of a large nation goes through any stereotypical periods, whether it was Rome or England or Poland. You can find any corrects and look at any analogies. The process of national assimilation is initially slow, in fresh years progressing very quickly. We could see this on our own announcement on the Germanization processes on our western border. These processes have entered our time, after many centuries of slow progress, in this final period of violent completion. The formation of a large nation in the areas of the Republic of Poland was at the time of partitions in a phase where, after the slow stages, fast completion would take place in the 19th and 20th centuries. The era of demolitions in any areas reversed, in others (e.g. Vilnius) only slowed down. It is ours to mention to the large past and to proceed the threads of our forefathers.
IS THE NATION OF THE UKRAIN EXISTING?
Every conversation on the Russian issue between Poles usually starts with the sentence: “You gotta work with the Ukrainians”. "We will propose both to the Ukrainians". "We'll make a deal with the Ukrainians". Starting with Piłsudski's talks with Petlura, all the people in charge of Poland tried to talk to Ukrainians 1 by one. Of course, no 1 got along.
Why is it so hard to get along? I think it's due to the fact that no 1 can date on behalf of a community that doesn't exist. all deal takes a partner. It's not just individuals who can date. Collectives can besides date. But it would be essential for these congregations to be sufficiently formed to have any kind of collective will to have any kind of representation, the word of which they would mostly feel attached. You can get along with you, even though it's a hard thing, a nation with a nation.
The Ukrainians have no state. But do they have a nation? First of all, what is simply a nation? I'm sorry, but I'm gonna gotta play a small explanation right now and scope into the arsenal of sociology.
Prof. Koznaniecki in his “Introduction to Sociology” distinguishes concepts: people, nationality and nation. The people (called otherwise by Prof. Koznaniecki the sociological race in contrast to the anthropological race) consist of individuals associated with common speech, customs, song, fairy tales, architecture and art. However, the people have no collective self-knowledge. This self-knowledge, a sense of constancy, and thus distinctness towards strangers, only awakens in nationality. But same - knowing, combined with the ability to act collectively, shows only the nation. Only a nation can be a partner for a deal and a companion in action.
The way from people to people is long and thorny. The people become a nation only after many failed attempts at collective action, taking multiple beatings and beatings by handing out. Not all peoples, but a number of peoples known to us in history, come to the creation of a nation. It happens that a superb unit, or a compact caste or klice, manages to form a state out of the people for a time, without bringing the nation into existence.
An example of specified an event is Chmielnicki, which we will discuss later. There are many specified peoples – “non-nationals” at present, even in Europe, that I will mention Basques, Bretons, Flemishs, Lusatia Serbs, Slovenians, Slovaks, etc.
When does the people become a nation? Where's the line? What are the tests? What is simply a nation? McDougall, in his well-known work entitled "The Psychology of the Group," ponders the definition of a nation. First of all, he asks whether “the nation is simply a nation due to the fact that its members passionately and unanimously believe it is so?” McDougall states that specified religion does not prove the existence of a nation, and comes to the following definition: "A nation is either a people or a people enjoying a degree of political independency and having a national spirit and character, and so capable of national deliberations and national acts of will." This definition raises many objections.
From another premises comes the father of Bocheński OP, prof. of the Pontifical University of Angelicum in Rome. He believes that “the nation is simply a group of people who admit to a certain shade of culture, and by the word of culture we realize what the spirit brings to the human psyche (intellectual, technical, artistic, ethical, religious). So the nation is only a squad of people whose perfect of culture contains specific, appropriate only to a given nation, shades of all these performance.”
It is not adequate for the people to have their own scholars, technicians, writers, painters, political and military leaders. These scholars, painters, generals, etc. could see these things in the nations of others and practice their specialities in a way without the stigma of national genius. In order to be a nation, 1 must have knowledge, technique, art, etc. of the tint and taste of the peculiar one, which only belongs to a given nation. The expression “English Science” means much more than “English Science”. Political leadership in England has its own national style, thanks to which Labour organization leader resembles the leader of British Conservatives much more than the leader of Polish socialists. The English kind of war or prayer is as distinctive as the English way of painting portraits immortalized in the National image Gallery. The definition of Fr. Bocheński is beautiful and very precise, but there are doubts here.
And what if a certain collective has a certain shade of ethics and art, and it lacks a circumstantial shade of technology and knowledge? Or does she have her own way of fighting and deficiency of her own forms and customs in political life? Besides, how do you measure whether the shade of a given efficiency is circumstantial to the degree of the nation or to the degree of primitive people? How do we know in practice whether a given gathering is simply a nation? Life requires simple tests. This simple test is given by prof. Ramsay Muir. He writes: “It seems impossible to avoid the conclusion that the nation primarily defines itself by fighting. It turns out that specified a moral comes from the past of the national thought in Europe." So the struggle, the successful struggle, determines the existence or non-existence of the nation.
The simple must meet many conditions for a nation to be a nation. But the essential test is the ability to fight effectively for independence. He is not a nation of people who, under all appearances of maturity and collective separateness, cannot win in conflict and keep his independency in hand. The Polish nation, for a century and a half, with besides short a break without independence, systematically tried to specify itself by fighting, until it became known in 1920. He's presently fighting again. Poles are so a nation.
Are the Czechs a nation? After the experience of the last 2 years, I do not hesitate to presume that they are not. Since the conflict of White Mountain (1620), the Czech people have not erstwhile described themselves as fighting. He hasn't even tried once! Not a single uprising! independency was obtained by the Czechs by a happy coincidence, but erstwhile it came to defend her – they capitulated without a shot. In the spring of 1940, I had the chance to talk with a professional officer of the Czech Army, who was interning in the French Army. This officer declared to me that the Czechs were right not to defend themselves against the German march, due to the fact that it would cost many lives, and human life so precious. . . At the time erstwhile Poles were fighting again in Norway, Champagne, on the Maginot line, organized in Syria, flew in England, it was deaf about the Czech army. I read there was a squadron flying around. ... And the Czechs, six months earlier, emigrated to the West than the Poles... The Czech nation undoubtedly existed in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, but it ceased to be in the 17th century. We hope that the current tragic passages will aid him to recover.
But there was never a Slovak nation. I feel an instinctive, natural sympathy for Slovaks. But they're people, not even nationality. That's why all those who wanted to enter the pacta conventa with the Slovaks burned their fingers so badly.
And so we will go from disaster to disaster as long as there is simply a Russian people, we will look for a Ukrainian nation.
As we know, the independent Russian principalities, ruled by the normandic Ruricovich dynasty, existed at a time erstwhile nations in this part of Europe could in no way be spoken of. Polish historians agree, for example, that before the 13th and even 14th centuries, we cannot yet talk of the existence of the Polish nation. At the time of the formation of Polish and Czech nations, Russia was completely destroyed by the Tatars and began to rebuild and populate only under Polish-Lithuanian rule. An episode of the existence of the Ukrainian people is expected to be the Chmielnica.
We have already mentioned that in the Chmielnicki era 1 cannot see a sign of a nation's origin, but only a skillful usage by a superb individual of the distinctness of the people. If there were a Ukrainian nation then, there would be a further continuation after Chmielnicki. Meanwhile, the only consequence of the Chmielnica region was to shift half of Ukraine from Polish to Russian rule, after which there was a cemetery silence so long until the construction of Ukraine took place in the 19th century in good accord – lodges and Germany. If there were a Ukrainian nation as a partner in the Chmielnicki era, it would have gained the blush of life of the Hadziack Union concluded in 1654 between the Republic and Ukrainians in the individual of Ataman Wyhowski and Cossack elders. This Union was closely modelled on the Polish-Lithuanian Union and would have been, if it had entered into force, created a power which would not be equal present in Europe. 1 of the most beautiful acts of the Republic, mostly underestimated by our historians.
Only that the Union concluded with the Lithuanians was concluded by 2 partners and survived the victorious hard beginnings of any specified relationship. And in the case of the Hague Union, there was a deficiency of a second partner and a beautiful act, signed by the full elite of then Ukraine, hung in the air. He remained a check unaccounted for. due to the fact that you can't make a deal with fiction. The next historical episode in which the existence of the Ukrainian people was allegedly to be revealed was 1918/20. I'm not talking about the case due to the fact that it was humorous. But the Russian uprising of October 1918 looks serious, could indeed be determined by the Ukrainian people by fighting.
Let's take a closer look. So the Russian regiments topped the Austrian Hungarian monarchy were transported from different fronts on a day marked to east Małopolska. The Austrian authorities give government to Ukrainians. In many cases, the heads of the Russian formation staff are officers of Austrian German nationality. There are fights going on, partisan. It is adequate to attack a small more Polish forces, but always within a fewer tens of thousands of poorly trained and armed soldiers, so that the "Western-Ukrainian" army almost unresistently steps behind Zbrucz. The army and the government of Petlura are found here, but they are not connected. 2 governments and 2 Ukrainian armies operate independently in Ukraine. The “Western-Ukrainian Army” acquires on the Bolsheviks Kiev for a partnership with Gen. Denikina branches. The next day – the “Western-Ukrainian” army fights against the Denikinovists at the side of the Bolsheviks.
There is simply a tragic episode: Sicz Sagittarius passes to the Bolsheviks who shoot their chief commander and his chief of staff (German). Finally, typhus eliminates what remains of the Western-Ukrainian army. Petlura is alone in the square. The year 1920 is coming: Petlura, the Grand Master of the lodge in Vinnytsia, focuses in his individual all the sympathy that the masonry has had for decades the Ukrainian movement15. There is Piłsudski's alliance with Petlura, a loud call, a march on Kiev. How does Ukraine react? Unfortunately, the Ukrainian people do not realize what is going on and do not gain any military momentum exceeding the size of the local fuck. That's how the Ukrainian people fought. The past fewer years have been a good memory for all of us. The Ukrainian movement was financed by the Suto Germany and cultivated a careful Polish administration. The Masonian scenes of this case are not known yet. Włodzimierz Bączkowski, a specialist on the Ukrainian case, mentions in his work “From Grunwald to Piławka” the Masonic Polish-Russian lodge “Unanimously” dealing with Polish-Russian relations. He belonged to this lodge most likely besides the politician of Józewski, the erstwhile Deputy Minister of the Government of Petlura, a associate of the Winnetsky Lodge, formerly a associate of the Ukrainian independency conspiracy in Kharkov. The Scottish Masonry holds its hand on Ukrainian affairs, in the English Parliament and in the League of Nations there are always advocates for it.
And our administration – not only by stupidity itself, but inspired by whom it is essential – does simply scientifically everything essential to make the Ukrainian people on the lands of the Republic of Poland. According to the principles of collective psychology, the process of creating a nation can be enabled and accelerated. The most effective means of doing so are: 1) creating continuous situations in which each individual of a given society conflicts with members of another nation and thus realizes its own separateness; 2) creating situations in which, as frequently as possible, it has common experiences, must take joint decisions, vote together, fight together, bear collective responsibility, etc. Our administration, both in Małopolska and Volyn, utilized these methods with the championship. The formation of specified a Russian society in the lands of the Republic of Poland should be regarded to a large degree as the work of our administration, which continued the achievements of the Austrian administration. A large way was invented to rise national awareness in all most collapsed village, namely school plebiscites. In a village about a mixed population, in which for a 100 years no 1 should ask anyone, to what nationality he feels not to disturb elusive intellectual changes, all year all resident was forced to declare whether he wanted a Polish or Russian school. At censuses, in the military and in the office, Rusin was constantly asked if he was Polish or Ukrainian.
The electoral order, the same as in purely Polish parts of the country (!), created an chance to declare and its nationality from all election, whether to the Sejm or to the local government. Finally, in order to crown the work, all minute the Polish government initiated negotiations with 1 or another “representation of Ukrainians”. These negotiations gave, simply, only this 1 effect – they accelerated the process of clotting of national self-knowledge. After the negotiations came pacifications in which the method was actually the same: the collective work of all Rusins for the feats of militants led from Vienna and Berlin. erstwhile favorably beaten and demolished for the Republic of the Republic of Russia for burning down the Polish threshold, it was manufactured from the point of the fresh Ukrainian separatist. At certain times our authorities have exterminated loyal to the Republic of Starorussians and supported Ukrainians against them!
I sat on a cell for a period with a Ukrainian militant, a technician from “Masłosojuza” (Dairy Cooperatives). I was amazed to hear his stories, which revealed that this institution, which was notoriously cast by the militant Ukrainians themselves, enjoyed the support of our authorities, which destroyed Polish cooperatives in the same area, simultaneously for organization reasons. Despite my will, I tried to imagine whether a cooperative employing Polish nationalists could support itself at any point of the Republic for 24 hours! The authorities would have destroyed it at an instant. There was a Zemelny Bank in Lviv, financing all the institutions of warring Ukrainianism for the money of the Metropolitan of Szeptycki. It was a public secret that this bank was chronically under balance sheet and that according to the laws in force it should be liquidated and its managers should be behind bars. In the meantime, the bank was functioning until the last minute. It is not hard to compare his destiny with the destiny of the Polish banks, which were before May 1926 the basis of the spheres hostile to Piłsudski, which were destroyed with all brutality or sanctioned. I am saying very powerfully that if the Polish Government had referred to the Ukrainians precisely the same way as it did to Polish opposition parties, it would have applied precisely the same methods to them, there would have been no appearances of existence on Polish lands of a compact society called “Ukrainian”. For, our government even gave “Luhom”18 weapons and allowed them to cultivate military adoption, a privilege denied persistently to Polish opposition parties.
One more example: in 1938 the Ukrainians decided to hold a simultaneous convention in Lviv of all their organizations, Sokił, Luhu, Proświta, Ridna Chata, in order to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of their “war”. The provincial office in Lviv, in which there was already a better wind, refused. The Ukrainians appealed to Warsaw, which she authorized! It took announcements, from local Polish organizations, serious disorders to force change of decision. What happened in east Małopolska was, of course, an inept effort compared to the consequence with which the voivode Józewski bred the Ukrainian nation in Volyn. Unlike east Małopolska, there was Ukrainianism in Volyn until 1918 unknown. Voivode Józewski so simplified the substance by bringing to Volyn respective 100 Ukrainians from Ukraine, erstwhile Petlurists. He gave them the positions of MPs, senators, inspectors, directors and made them build Ukraine in Volyn. It can be concluded that under these conditions the results of this action were modest. For example, the accident was celebrated erstwhile Józewski made 1 of the highest dignitaries in Wołyń, the master who managed the anti-Polish institute paid by the Germans in Berlin for respective years. I consider Józewski as a Ukrainian Wallenrod who could skillfully re-insure himself in the Piłsudski camp and in the Masonry, and caused the Republic of Poland unmeasured harm.
It is interesting what Scotland would look like if the viceroy appointed by the King of England tried for respective years Scots to fantasize, rise her sense of separateness and break distant from England? Most people who discuss the Russian issue with us and are looking for alleged large solutions do not realize that alongside the large solutions equally important, or possibly more important, is the practice of everyday life. For example, the ability to manage colonies comes down to this everyday practice. The difference between a good colonizer and a bad colonizer is that the good 1 will do psychologically well all day in 20 tiny things, and the bad colonizer in the same cases will irritate. The problem of the treatment of Poleszuk, Hucul or Volynian peasant is easier for us than the colonial problems, due to the fact that we are dealing with a close comparative here. Methods must be different from colonial ones, but they find the consequence of these methods utilized on a regular basis, not the large concepts formulated by doctrineists.
Another analogy: a good and bad army company. A good company is raised with dozens, sometimes respective 100 insignificant intellectual moves a day. Bad – erstwhile these moves are false. Imagine a tiny country lying on an isolated island with 1 single infantry company. This company is badly commanded, rebelling constantly, burning stacks of civilians, murdering. Local theorists will shortly prove that it is impossible to keep a 100 people in discipline. They're going to enter into negotiations with them, make them choose representation and give them autonomy. All this won't help. Only erstwhile a good commander who knows the art of command arrives, who, without dealing with the company, imposes his will unilaterally on her, the company will shortly scope its form and – what is more unusual – the soldiers will live happy. Our methods for the Rusins were so disastrous that their negative results did not prove anything. And in any case, it does not show that the Ukrainian people, not yet in existence in 1918/20, yet formed. On the contrary, the case of Zakarpackian Rus and then the case of Russian bands in September 1939 in the back of our army, both of these cases attest to the childish deficiency of maturity of Russian society. We remember how after Hitler's cynical deception of the Ukrainians in the case of the Transcarpathian Ruses swore to the Russians that they would no longer fall for Germany. After which the same wheels helped the German troops in September 1939, and Hitler did the most terrible thing for them – he handed them over to the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainians' consternation was immutable. Now Germany is teasing Ukrainians in Western Małopolska and Ukrainians are going for it again. Meanwhile, the Bolshevik business in east Małopolska and Volyn is doing the same thing as in Ukraine: it deprives the masses of leaders, destroys the national feeling, what was possibly already a nationality degrades back to the people. Experts in relations with Ukrainians present are skeptical of young Ukrainians. These experts claim that in the young generation communism (equivalent to russian patriotism) powerfully undermined Ukrainian national sentiments, and that it will take serious efforts to rekindle these feelings.
Conclusion: There is no Ukrainian nation. As a result, relations between the Polish people and the Russian people can only make on the basis of a unilateral decision. It is clear from the past of the last millennium that there is another thing: that the confederate Rusi prospered – sometimes great, sometimes as specified – only on the basis of the Republic of Poland. A short period of his own statehood, enriched with battles with Halfmen, Chazars, Jajwings, etc. ended in the fire of Tatar invasions. Russia flourishes again as it leans on the Republic. The Chmielnic Age – so short – brings terrible ruin. After the partition of Poland, Moscow leads Ukraine to a catastrophe of Bolshevikism, which sweeps out from Ukraine not only its full elite – how modestly and numerically – but besides millions of Ukrainian peasants, to suppress yet all attempts to blow up Ukrainian distinctness19. Finally, the last Bolshevik regulation in east Małopolska has blindly convinced our Ukrainians, as well as all another peoples of east Europe, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Romanians, Hungarians, that only on the basis of the powerful Republic of Poland in the East of Europe can regulation order and prosperity. In particular, Ukrainians should draw this conclusion. The disastrous events of the last years should consequence at least in the benefit of Russia's knowing that for all her enemies Poland always pays the first bloody bill and that only on common basis, the creation of the large Polish-Lithuanian people, lies not only the happy future, but simply the anticipation of being in this part of Europe.
Just take a look at the map to realize that Russia will always argue the uprising of the Ukrainian people who would cut it off from the Black Sea and Caucasian oil and just push it out of Europe. Russia will never let it. The Ukrainian nation could so only be created on the basis of Poland. As far as the Ukrainians are yet on the way from the people to the nation, they will never pass if 1 of the neighbors does not aid them, but both neighbors will – as they have done so before – consistently interfered. Russia will do nothing for the Ukrainians. And Poland? For Poland, the emergence of the Ukrainian people would be linked to the benefit and loss. The advantage – the weakening of Russia, its remoteness from the borders of Poland and the creation of an eternal start of disputes and Russian-Ukrainian wars. of which wars could bring political and military benefits to Poland. The losses to us from the uprising of the Ukrainian people are obvious. Irredent increased on our east lands, with the possible of separating them from the Republic. And then tiny Poland, after San and Bug, will shortly become a shepherd of neighbours. Does he have the possible of success, then, of a program that would like to train the Polish people for centuries to aid Ukrainians make their people? The measurement of effort which Poland would gotta put here may be our past in the 16th and 17th centuries. For the intent of specified a suicide as the creation of a Ukrainian state after San and Bug – erstwhile truncating Poland to the degree in which it would not be able to live – would we be able to draw the maximum effort from ourselves over long, long years? And would specified a goal, disintegrating on east Europe and solving no of its large problems, be attainable? large goals are mobilising large resources. tiny goals do not carry sparks capable of stimulating enthusiasm. A number of people who read this paper in the manuscript warned me. “The Ukrainians will resent that we do not consider them a nation. It's gonna hurt things. Why not admit to them that they are a nation? Let's not argue about words. After all, only conclusions are important, the nomenclature is irrelevant."
I've been reasoning about it a long time. I can't undo what I wrote. I cannot due to Polish society, due to the fact that I would obscure the course of my reasoning. There's complete chaos in our minds erstwhile it comes to Russian affairs. With my work I would like to shed light, make it easier to discern myself in this problem even to those who will not accept my conclusions. By blurring the contours of my reasoning – not to mess with the Ukrainians – I hazard expanding confusion alternatively of clarifying the matter. And that would be unforgivable. I cannot retreat from my opinion and due to the Ukrainians themselves. They may not like my work on many points, but it has 1 advantage: it is absolutely honest. My approach to the Russian substance is sincere and does not contain any false note. I propose a certain attitude that the Polish people are to take towards the Ukrainians; this attitude, although unilateral, not agreed with them, is ethically pure. Writing that I consider the Ukrainians to be a nation, which I do not believe, or disregarding this substance with silence, I would go below the level on which I want to see our relationship. I don't believe that fact and honesty can harm specified a large cause. The Ukrainians may be offended by Moscow and Berlin agents. I'm certain there'll be no offense to the thought that we're reaching out to our sister.
Adam Doboszynski
